use crate::camera::{Camera, CameraTrait};
use crate::core::bxdf::{BSDF, BxDFFlags};
use crate::core::material::MaterialTrait;
use crate::core::medium::{Medium, MediumInterface};
use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, clamp_t};
use crate::geometry::{
    Normal3f, Point2f, Point3f, Point3fi, Ray, RayDifferential, Vector3f, VectorLike,
};
use crate::lights::Light;
use crate::shapes::Shape;
use crate::utils::math::{difference_of_products, square};

use std::any::Any;
use std::sync::Arc;

#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct InteractionData {
    pub pi: Point3fi,
    pub n: Normal3f,
    pub time: Float,
    pub wo: Vector3f,
    pub medium_interface: Option<Arc<MediumInterface>>,
    pub medium: Option<Arc<Medium>>,
}

pub trait Interaction: Send + Sync {
    fn get_common(&self) -> &InteractionData;
    fn get_common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InteractionData;
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any;
    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any;
    fn into_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any>;

    fn p(&self) -> Point3f {
        self.get_common().pi.into()
    }
    fn pi(&self) -> Point3fi {
        self.get_common().pi
    }
    fn time(&self) -> Float {
        self.get_common().time
    }
    fn wo(&self) -> Vector3f {
        self.get_common().wo
    }

    fn n(&self) -> Normal3f {
        self.get_common().n
    }

    fn is_surface_interaction(&self) -> bool {
        self.as_any().is::<SurfaceInteraction>()
    }

    fn is_medium_interaction(&self) -> bool {
        self.as_any().is::<MediumInteraction>()
    }

    fn get_medium(&self, w: Vector3f) -> Option<Arc<Medium>>;

    fn spawn_ray(&self, d: Vector3f) -> Ray;

    fn spawn_ray_to_point(&self, p2: Point3f) -> Ray {
        let origin = self.p();
        let direction = p2 - origin;
        Ray {
            o: origin,
            d: direction,
            time: self.time(),
            medium: self.get_medium(direction),
            differential: None,
        }
    }

    fn spawn_ray_to_interaction(&self, other: &dyn Interaction) -> Ray {
        self.spawn_ray_to_point(other.p())
    }

    fn offset_ray_vector(&self, w: Vector3f) -> Point3f {
        Ray::offset_origin(&self.pi(), &self.n(), &w)
    }

    fn offset_ray_point(&self, pt: Point3f) -> Point3f {
        self.offset_ray_vector(pt - self.p())
    }
}

#[derive(Default, Clone, Debug)]
pub struct ShadingGeometry {
    pub n: Normal3f,
    pub dpdu: Vector3f,
    pub dpdv: Vector3f,
    pub dndu: Normal3f,
    pub dndv: Normal3f,
}

#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
pub struct SurfaceInteraction {
    pub common: InteractionData,
    pub uv: Point2f,
    pub dpdu: Vector3f,
    pub dpdv: Vector3f,
    pub dndu: Normal3f,
    pub dndv: Normal3f,
    pub shading: ShadingGeometry,
    pub medium_interface: Option<Arc<MediumInterface>>,
    pub face_index: usize,
    pub area_light: Option<Arc<Light>>,
    pub material: Option<Arc<dyn MaterialTrait>>,
    pub dpdx: Vector3f,
    pub dpdy: Vector3f,
    pub dudx: Float,
    pub dvdx: Float,
    pub dudy: Float,
    pub dvdy: Float,
    pub shape: Arc<Shape>,
    pub bsdf: Option<BSDF>,
}

impl SurfaceInteraction {
    pub fn compute_differentials(&mut self, r: &Ray, camera: Camera, samples_per_pixel: i32) {
        let computed = if let Some(diff) = &r.differential {
            let dot_rx = self.common.n.dot(diff.rx_direction.into());
            let dot_ry = self.common.n.dot(diff.ry_direction.into());

            if dot_rx != 0.0 && dot_ry != 0.0 {
                //  Estimate screen-space change in p using ray differentials>
                let p_as_vec = Normal3f::new(self.p().x(), self.p().y(), self.p().z());
                let d = -self.common.n.dot(p_as_vec);

                // Compute t for x-auxiliary ray
                let rx_origin_vec =
                    Normal3f::new(diff.rx_origin.x(), diff.rx_origin.y(), diff.rx_origin.z());
                let tx = (-self.common.n.dot(rx_origin_vec) - d) / dot_rx;

                // Compute intersection point px
                let px = diff.rx_origin + diff.rx_direction * tx;

                // Compute t for y-auxiliary ray
                let ry_origin_vec =
                    Normal3f::new(diff.ry_origin.x(), diff.ry_origin.y(), diff.ry_origin.z());
                let ty = (-self.common.n.dot(ry_origin_vec) - d) / dot_ry;

                let py = diff.ry_origin + diff.ry_direction * ty;

                self.dpdx = px - self.p();
                self.dpdy = py - self.p();

                true
            } else {
                false
            }
        } else {
            false
        };

        if !computed {
            camera.approximate_dp_dxy(
                self.p(),
                self.n(),
                self.time(),
                samples_per_pixel,
                &mut self.dpdx,
                &mut self.dpdy,
            );
        }

        let ata00 = self.dpdu.dot(self.dpdu);
        let ata01 = self.dpdu.dot(self.dpdv);
        let ata11 = self.dpdv.dot(self.dpdv);
        let mut inv_det = 1. / difference_of_products(ata00, ata11, ata01, ata01);
        inv_det = if inv_det.is_finite() { inv_det } else { 0. };
        let atb0x = self.dpdu.dot(self.dpdx);
        let atb1x = self.dpdv.dot(self.dpdx);
        let atb0y = self.dpdu.dot(self.dpdy);
        let atb1y = self.dpdv.dot(self.dpdy);
        // Compute u and v derivatives in x and y
        self.dudx = difference_of_products(ata11, atb0x, ata01, atb1x) * inv_det;
        self.dvdx = difference_of_products(ata00, atb1x, ata01, atb0x) * inv_det;
        self.dudy = difference_of_products(ata11, atb0y, ata01, atb1y) * inv_det;
        self.dvdy = difference_of_products(ata00, atb1y, ata01, atb0y) * inv_det;
        // Clamp derivatives
        self.dudx = if self.dudx.is_finite() {
            clamp_t(self.dudx, -1e8, 1e8)
        } else {
            0.
        };
        self.dvdx = if self.dvdx.is_finite() {
            clamp_t(self.dvdx, -1e8, 1e8)
        } else {
            0.
        };
        self.dudy = if self.dudy.is_finite() {
            clamp_t(self.dudy, -1e8, 1e8)
        } else {
            0.
        };
        self.dvdy = if self.dvdy.is_finite() {
            clamp_t(self.dvdy, -1e8, 1e8)
        } else {
            0.
        };
    }

    pub fn skip_intersection(&self, ray: &mut Ray, t: Float) {
        let new_ray = Ray::spawn(&self.pi(), &self.n(), ray.time, ray.d);
        ray.o = new_ray.o;
        // Skipping other variables, since they should not change when passing through surface
        if let Some(diff) = &mut ray.differential {
            diff.rx_origin += diff.rx_direction * t;
            diff.ry_origin += diff.ry_direction * t;
        }
    }

    pub fn spawn_ray(&self, d: Vector3f) -> Ray {
        let mut ray = Ray::spawn(&self.pi(), &self.n(), self.time(), d);
        ray.medium = self.get_medium(d);
        ray
    }

    pub fn spawn_ray_to(&self, p2: Point3f) -> Ray {
        let mut ray = Ray::spawn_to_point(&self.pi(), &self.n(), self.time(), p2);
        ray.medium = self.get_medium(ray.d);
        ray
    }

    // fn get_medium(&self, w: &Vector3f) -> Option<Arc<Medium>> {
    //     if w.dot(self.n().into()) > 0.0 {
    //         self.medium_interface.outside.clone()
    //     } else {
    //         self.medium_interface.inside.clone()
    //     }
    // }

    pub fn spawn_ray_with_differentials(
        &self,
        ray_i: &Ray,
        wi: Vector3f,
        flags: BxDFFlags,
        eta: Float,
    ) -> Ray {
        let mut rd = self.spawn_ray(wi);

        if let Some(diff_i) = &ray_i.differential {
            let mut n = self.shading.n;

            let mut dndx = self.shading.dndu * self.dudx + self.shading.dndv * self.dvdx;
            let mut dndy = self.shading.dndu * self.dudy + self.shading.dndv * self.dvdy;

            let dwodx = -diff_i.rx_direction - self.wo();
            let dwody = -diff_i.ry_direction - self.wo();

            let new_diff_rx_origin = self.p() + self.dpdx;
            let new_diff_ry_origin = self.p() + self.dpdy;
            let mut new_diff_rx_dir = Vector3f::default();
            let mut new_diff_ry_dir = Vector3f::default();

            let mut valid_differentials = false;

            if flags.contains(BxDFFlags::SPECULAR_REFLECTION) {
                valid_differentials = true;

                let d_wo_dot_n_dx = dwodx.dot(n.into()) + self.wo().dot(dndx.into());
                let d_wo_dot_n_dy = dwody.dot(n.into()) + self.wo().dot(dndy.into());

                let wo_dot_n = self.wo().dot(n.into());

                new_diff_rx_dir = wi - dwodx
                    + (Vector3f::from(dndx) * wo_dot_n + Vector3f::from(n) * d_wo_dot_n_dx) * 2.0;

                new_diff_ry_dir = wi - dwody
                    + (Vector3f::from(dndy) * wo_dot_n + Vector3f::from(n) * d_wo_dot_n_dy) * 2.0;
            } else if flags.contains(BxDFFlags::SPECULAR_TRANSMISSION) {
                valid_differentials = true;

                if self.wo().dot(n.into()) < 0.0 {
                    n = -n;
                    dndx = -dndx;
                    dndy = -dndy;
                }

                // Compute partial derivatives
                let d_wo_dot_n_dx = dwodx.dot(n.into()) + self.wo().dot(dndx.into());
                let d_wo_dot_n_dy = dwody.dot(n.into()) + self.wo().dot(dndy.into());

                let wo_dot_n = self.wo().dot(n.into());
                let wi_dot_n = wi.dot(Vector3f::from(n));
                let abs_wi_dot_n = wi.abs_dot(n.into());

                let mu = wo_dot_n / eta - abs_wi_dot_n;

                let f_eta = 1.0 / eta;
                let f_eta2 = 1.0 / square(eta);

                let term = f_eta + (f_eta2 * wo_dot_n / wi_dot_n);

                let dmudx = d_wo_dot_n_dx * term;
                let dmudy = d_wo_dot_n_dy * term;

                new_diff_rx_dir =
                    wi - dwodx * eta + (Vector3f::from(dndx) * mu + Vector3f::from(n) * dmudx);
                new_diff_ry_dir =
                    wi - dwody * eta + (Vector3f::from(dndy) * mu + Vector3f::from(n) * dmudy);
            }

            if valid_differentials {
                let threshold = 1e16;

                if new_diff_rx_dir.norm_squared() > threshold
                    || new_diff_ry_dir.norm_squared() > threshold
                    || Vector3f::from(new_diff_rx_origin).norm_squared() > threshold
                    || Vector3f::from(new_diff_ry_origin).norm_squared() > threshold
                {
                    rd.differential = None;
                } else {
                    rd.differential = Some(RayDifferential {
                        rx_origin: new_diff_rx_origin,
                        ry_origin: new_diff_ry_origin,
                        rx_direction: new_diff_rx_dir,
                        ry_direction: new_diff_ry_dir,
                    });
                }
            }
        }

        rd
    }
}

#[derive(Default, Debug, Clone)]
pub struct PhaseFunction;

pub struct MediumInteraction {
    pub common: InteractionData,
    pub medium: Arc<Medium>,
    pub phase: PhaseFunction,
}

impl Interaction for SurfaceInteraction {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn into_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> {
        self
    }

    fn get_common(&self) -> &InteractionData {
        &self.common
    }

    fn get_common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InteractionData {
        &mut self.common
    }

    fn get_medium(&self, w: Vector3f) -> Option<Arc<Medium>> {
        self.medium_interface.as_ref().and_then(|interface| {
            if self.n().dot(w.into()) > 0.0 {
                interface.outside.clone()
            } else {
                interface.inside.clone()
            }
        })
    }

    fn spawn_ray(&self, d: Vector3f) -> Ray {
        let mut ray = Ray::spawn(&self.pi(), &self.n(), self.time(), d);
        ray.medium = self.get_medium(d);
        ray
    }

    fn spawn_ray_to_point(&self, p2: Point3f) -> Ray {
        let mut ray = Ray::spawn_to_point(&self.pi(), &self.n(), self.time(), p2);
        ray.medium = self.get_medium(ray.d);
        ray
    }

    fn spawn_ray_to_interaction(&self, other: &dyn Interaction) -> Ray {
        // Check if the other interaction is a surface to use the robust spawn method
        if let Some(si_to) = other.as_any().downcast_ref::<SurfaceInteraction>() {
            let mut ray = Ray::spawn_to_interaction(
                &self.pi(),
                &self.n(),
                self.time(),
                &si_to.pi(),
                &si_to.n(),
            );
            ray.medium = self.get_medium(ray.d);
            ray
        } else {
            // Fallback for non-surface interactions
            self.spawn_ray_to_point(other.p())
        }
    }
}

impl SurfaceInteraction {
    pub fn new(
        pi: Point3fi,
        uv: Point2f,
        wo: Vector3f,
        dpdu: Vector3f,
        dpdv: Vector3f,
        dndu: Normal3f,
        dndv: Normal3f,
        time: Float,
        flip: bool,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut n = Normal3f::from(dpdu.cross(dpdv).normalize());
        let mut shading_n = n;

        if flip {
            n *= -1.0;
            shading_n *= -1.0;
        }

        Self {
            common: InteractionData {
                pi,
                n,
                time,
                wo,
                medium_interface: None,
                medium: None,
            },
            uv,
            dpdu,
            dpdv,
            dndu,
            dndv,
            shading: ShadingGeometry {
                n: shading_n,
                dpdu,
                dpdv,
                dndu,
                dndv,
            },
            medium_interface: None,
            material: None,
            face_index: 0,
            area_light: None,
            dpdx: Vector3f::zero(),
            dpdy: Vector3f::zero(),
            dudx: 0.0,
            dudy: 0.0,
            dvdx: 0.0,
            dvdy: 0.0,
            shape: Arc::new(Shape::default()),
            bsdf: None,
        }
    }

    pub fn new_with_face(
        pi: Point3fi,
        uv: Point2f,
        wo: Vector3f,
        dpdu: Vector3f,
        dpdv: Vector3f,
        dndu: Normal3f,
        dndv: Normal3f,
        time: Float,
        flip: bool,
        face_index: usize,
    ) -> Self {
        let mut si = Self::new(pi, uv, wo, dpdu, dpdv, dndu, dndv, time, flip);
        si.face_index = face_index;
        si
    }

    pub fn set_shading_geometry(
        &mut self,
        ns: Normal3f,
        dpdus: Vector3f,
        dpdvs: Vector3f,
        dndus: Normal3f,
        dndvs: Normal3f,
        orientation: bool,
    ) {
        self.shading.n = ns;
        if orientation {
            self.common.n = self.n().face_forward(self.shading.n.into());
        }
        self.shading.dpdu = dpdus;
        self.shading.dpdv = dpdvs;
        self.shading.dndu = dndus;
        self.shading.dndv = dndvs;
    }

    pub fn new_simple(pi: Point3fi, n: Normal3f, uv: Point2f) -> Self {
        Self {
            common: InteractionData {
                pi,
                n,
                time: 0.,
                wo: Vector3f::zero(),
                medium_interface: None,
                medium: None,
            },
            uv,
            ..Default::default()
        }
    }

    pub fn set_intersection_properties(
        &mut self,
        mtl: Arc<dyn MaterialTrait>,
        area: Arc<Light>,
        prim_medium_interface: Option<Arc<MediumInterface>>,
        ray_medium: Arc<Medium>,
    ) {
        self.material = Some(mtl);
        self.area_light = Some(area);
        if prim_medium_interface
            .as_ref()
            .is_some_and(|mi| mi.is_medium_transition())
        {
            self.common.medium_interface = prim_medium_interface;
        } else {
            self.common.medium = Some(ray_medium);
        }
    }
}

impl Interaction for MediumInteraction {
    fn as_any(&self) -> &dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn as_any_mut(&mut self) -> &mut dyn Any {
        self
    }

    fn into_any(self: Box<Self>) -> Box<dyn Any> {
        self
    }

    fn get_common(&self) -> &InteractionData {
        &self.common
    }

    fn get_common_mut(&mut self) -> &mut InteractionData {
        &mut self.common
    }

    fn get_medium(&self, _w: Vector3f) -> Option<Arc<Medium>> {
        Some(self.medium.clone())
    }

    fn spawn_ray(&self, d: Vector3f) -> Ray {
        Ray {
            o: self.p(),
            d,
            time: self.time(),
            medium: Some(self.medium.clone()),
            differential: None,
        }
    }
}