Cleanup of shared codebase to no_std and spirv compatibility

.gitignore

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ target/
 flip.rs
 .vscode
 rust-analyzer.json
+rust-analyzer.toml
 data/
 src/gpu/
 src/tests/

Cargo.toml

@@ -6,11 +6,12 @@ edition = "2024"
 [features]
 default = []
 use_f64 = []
-use_gpu = []
+use_gpu = ["dep:wgpu"]
-use_nvtx = []
+use_nvtx = ["dep:nvtx"]
-cuda = ["dep:cudarc", "dep:cust", "dep:cust_raw"]
+cuda = ["dep:cudarc", "dep:cust", "dep:cust_raw", "dep:cuda-runtime-sys"]
 vulkan = ["ash", "gpu-allocator"]
 ash = ["dep:ash"]
+gpu-allocator = ["dep:gpu-allocator"]
 
 [dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.100"
@@ -22,7 +23,6 @@ indicatif = "0.18.3"
 lazy_static = "1.5.0"
 log = "0.4.29"
 memmap2 = "0.9.9"
-nvtx = "1.3.0"
 parking_lot = "0.12.5"
 paste = "1.0.15"
 qoi = "0.4.1"
@@ -30,16 +30,6 @@ rand = "0.9.2"
 rayon = "1.11.0"
 thiserror = "2.0.17"
 unicode-normalization = "0.1.25"
-wgpu = "27.0.1"
-
-shared = { path = "shared" }
-ptex-filter = { path = "crates/ptex-filter" }
-# kernels = { path = "kernels" }
-ash = { version = "0.38", optional = true }
-gpu-allocator = { version = "0.28", features = ["vulkan"], optional = true }
-cuda_std = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, optional = true }
-cust = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, features = ["glam"], optional = true }
-cust_raw = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, optional = true }
 ptex = "0.3.0"
 slice = "0.0.4"
 crossbeam-channel = "0.5.15"
@@ -49,7 +39,18 @@ enum_dispatch = "0.3.13"
 bytemuck = "1.24.0"
 once_cell = "1.21.3"
 smallvec = "1.15.1"
-cuda-runtime-sys = "0.3.0-alpha.1"
+
+shared = { path = "shared" }
+ptex-filter = { path = "crates/ptex-filter" }
+# kernels = { path = "kernels" }
+nvtx = { version = "1.3.0", optional = true }
+wgpu = { version = "27.0.1", optional = true }
+ash = { version = "0.38", optional = true }
+gpu-allocator = { version = "0.28", features = ["vulkan"], optional = true }
+cuda_std = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, optional = true }
+cust = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, features = ["glam"], optional = true }
+cust_raw = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, optional = true }
+cuda-runtime-sys = { version = "0.3.0-alpha.1", optional = true}
 cudarc = { version = "0.18.2", features = ["cuda-13000"], optional = true }
 
 [build-dependencies]
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ cc = "1.2.53"
 
 [workspace]
 members = ["shared"]
-exclude = ["crates/ptex-filter"]
+exclude = ["crates/ptex-filter", "kernels"]
 
 [lints.clippy]
 excessive_precision = "allow"

kernels/Cargo.toml

@@ -1,11 +1,18 @@
 [package]
 name = "kernels"
 version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2024"
+edition = "2021"
-
-[dependencies]
-cuda_std = { git = "https://github.com/rust-gpu/rust-cuda", rev = "7fa76f3d717038a92c90bf4a482b0b8dd3259344" }
-shared = { path = "../shared", features = ["cuda"] }
 
 [lib]
-crate-type = ["cdylib", "rlib"]
+crate-type = ["dylib"]
+
+[dependencies]
+spirv-std = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/rust-gpu", branch = "main" }
+shared = { path = "../shared" }
+
+[package.metadata.rust-gpu.install]
+spirv-builder-source = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/rust-gpu"
+
+[package.metadata.rust-gpu.build]
+target = "spirv-unknown-vulkan1.2"
+

kernels/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,30 +1,20 @@
-#![cfg_attr(target_arch = "nvptx64", no_std)]
+#![cfg_attr(target_arch = "spirv", no_std)]
-#![cfg_attr(target_arch = "nvptx64", feature(abi_ptx))]
 
-use cuda_std::prelude::*;
+use spirv_std::spirv;
 
-/// Scales each element: data[i] *= scale
+/// Core logic — testable on CPU
-#[kernel]
+pub fn scale_kernel_logic(idx: usize, input: &[f32], output: &mut [f32], scale: f32) {
-#[allow(improper_ctypes_definitions)]
+    if idx < input.len() {
-pub unsafe fn scale_array(data: *mut f32, len: u32, scale: f32) {
+        output[idx] = input[idx] * scale;
-    let idx = thread::index_1d() as u32;
-    if idx >= len {
-        return;
     }
-
-    let ptr = unsafe { data.add(idx as usize) };
-    *ptr = *ptr * scale;
 }
 
-/// Adds two arrays: c[i] = a[i] + b[i]
+#[spirv(compute(threads(64)))]
-#[kernel]
+pub fn scale_kernel(
-#[allow(improper_ctypes_definitions)]
+    #[spirv(global_invocation_id)] id: spirv_std::glam::UVec3,
-pub unsafe fn add_arrays(a: *const f32, b: *const f32, c: *mut f32, len: u32) {
+    #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 0)] input: &[f32],
-    let idx = thread::index_1d() as u32;
+    #[spirv(storage_buffer, descriptor_set = 0, binding = 1)] output: &mut [f32],
-    if idx >= len {
+    #[spirv(push_constant)] scale: &f32,
-        return;
+) {
-    }
+    scale_kernel_logic(id.x as usize, input, output, *scale);
-
-    let i = idx as usize;
-    *c.add(i) = *a.add(i) + *b.add(i);
 }

shared/Cargo.toml

@@ -5,20 +5,12 @@ edition = "2024"
 
 [dependencies]
 bitflags = "2.10.0"
-bumpalo = "3.19.1"
 bytemuck = { version = "1.24.0", features = ["derive"] }
 enum_dispatch = "0.3.13"
-log = "0.4.29"
+num-traits = { version = "0.2.19", default-features = false, features = ["libm"] }
-num = "0.4.3"
-num-integer = "0.1.46"
-num-traits = "0.2.19"
-once_cell = "1.21.3"
-smallvec = "1.15.1"
 cuda_std = { git = "https://github.com/Rust-GPU/Rust-CUDA", branch = "main", default-features = false, optional = true }
-half = "2.7.1"
-rand = "0.9.2"
-anyhow = "1.0.100"
 
 [features]
 use_f64 = []
 cuda = ["cuda_std"]
+cpu_debug = []

shared/src/bxdfs/complex.rs

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ use crate::utils::sampling::{
 };
 use crate::{Float, INV_2_PI, INV_PI, PI};
 use core::any::Any;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 static P_MAX: usize = 3;
 #[repr(C)]
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ impl HairBxDF {
         let ap0 = SampledSpectrum::new(f);
         let ap1 = t * (1.0 - f).powi(2);
         let tf = t * f;
-        std::array::from_fn(|p| match p {
+        core::array::from_fn(|p| match p {
             0 => ap0,
             1 => ap1,
             _ if p < P_MAX => ap1 * tf.pow_int(p - 1),
@@ -133,7 +134,7 @@ impl HairBxDF {
         let t = t_value.exp();
         let ap = Self::ap(cos_theta_o, self.eta, self.h, t);
         let sum_y: Float = ap.iter().map(|s| s.average()).sum();
-        std::array::from_fn(|i| ap[i].average() / sum_y)
+        core::array::from_fn(|i| ap[i].average() / sum_y)
     }
 
     pub fn sigma_a_from_concentration(

shared/src/bxdfs/conductor.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::spectra::SampledSpectrum;
 use crate::utils::sampling::{cosine_hemisphere_pdf, sample_cosine_hemisphere};
 use crate::{Float, INV_PI};
 use core::any::Any;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]

shared/src/bxdfs/dielectric.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::utils::math::square;
 use crate::utils::sampling::{cosine_hemisphere_pdf, sample_cosine_hemisphere};
 use crate::{Float, INV_PI};
 use core::any::Any;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]

shared/src/bxdfs/layered.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,6 @@ use crate::core::geometry::{
     spherical_direction, spherical_theta,
 };
 use crate::core::medium::{HGPhaseFunction, PhaseFunctionTrait};
-use crate::core::options::get_options;
 use crate::core::scattering::{
     TrowbridgeReitzDistribution, fr_complex, fr_complex_from_spectrum, fr_dielectric, reflect,
     refract,
@@ -30,6 +29,7 @@ use crate::utils::sampling::{
 };
 use crate::{Float, INV_2_PI, INV_4_PI, INV_PI, ONE_MINUS_EPSILON, PI, PI_OVER_2};
 use core::any::Any;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[derive(Copy, Clone)]
 pub enum TopOrBottom<'a, T, B> {
@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ where
     albedo: SampledSpectrum,
     max_depth: u32,
     n_samples: u32,
+    seed: i32,
 }
 
 impl<T, B, const TWO_SIDED: bool> LayeredBxDF<T, B, TWO_SIDED>
@@ -106,6 +107,7 @@ where
         g: Float,
         max_depth: u32,
         n_samples: u32,
+        seed: i32,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             top,
@@ -115,6 +117,7 @@ where
             albedo,
             max_depth,
             n_samples,
+            seed,
         }
     }
 
@@ -369,7 +372,7 @@ where
             f = self.n_samples as Float * enter_interface.f(wo, wi, mode);
         }
 
-        let hash0 = hash_buffer(&[get_options().seed as Float, wo.x(), wo.y(), wo.z()], 0);
+        let hash0 = hash_buffer(&[self.seed as Float, wo.x(), wo.y(), wo.z()], 0);
         let hash1 = hash_buffer(&[wi.x(), wi.y(), wi.z()], 0);
         let mut rng = Rng::new_with_offset(hash0, hash1);
 
@@ -415,7 +418,7 @@ where
         let mut specular_path = bs.is_specular();
 
         // Declare RNG for layered BSDF sampling
-        let hash0 = hash_buffer(&[get_options().seed as Float, wo.x(), wo.y(), wo.z()], 0);
+        let hash0 = hash_buffer(&[self.seed as Float, wo.x(), wo.y(), wo.z()], 0);
         let hash1 = hash_buffer(&[uc, u.x(), u.y()], 0);
         let mut rng = Rng::new_with_offset(hash0, hash1);
 
@@ -517,7 +520,7 @@ where
             wi = -wi;
         }
 
-        let hash0 = hash_buffer(&[get_options().seed as Float, wi.x(), wi.y(), wi.z()], 0);
+        let hash0 = hash_buffer(&[self.seed as Float, wi.x(), wi.y(), wi.z()], 0);
         let hash1 = hash_buffer(&[wo.x(), wo.y(), wo.z()], 0);
         let mut rng = Rng::new_with_offset(hash0, hash1);
 

shared/src/bxdfs/measured.rs

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::sampling::{PiecewiseLinear2D, cosine_hemisphere_pdf, sample_cosine_hemisphere};
 use crate::{Float, INV_PI, PI, PI_OVER_2};
 use core::any::Any;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]

shared/src/cameras/realistic.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::core::scattering::refract;
 use crate::spectra::{SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::math::{lerp, quadratic, square};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -35,87 +36,17 @@ const EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES: usize = 64;
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
 pub struct RealisticCamera {
-    base: CameraBase,
+    pub base: CameraBase,
-    focus_distance: Float,
+    pub focus_distance: Float,
-    set_aperture_diameter: Float,
+    pub set_aperture_diameter: Float,
-    aperture_image: Ptr<DeviceImage>,
+    pub aperture_image: Ptr<DeviceImage>,
-    element_interfaces: Ptr<LensElementInterface>,
+    pub element_interfaces: Ptr<LensElementInterface>,
-    n_elements: usize,
+    pub n_elements: usize,
-    physical_extent: Bounds2f,
+    pub physical_extent: Bounds2f,
-    exit_pupil_bounds: [Bounds2f; EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES],
+    pub exit_pupil_bounds: [Bounds2f; EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES],
 }
 
-#[cfg(not(target_os = "cuda"))]
 impl RealisticCamera {
-    pub fn new(
-        base: CameraBase,
-        lens_params: &[Float],
-        focus_distance: Float,
-        set_aperture_diameter: Float,
-        aperture_image: Ptr<DeviceImage>,
-    ) -> Self {
-        let film_ptr = base.film;
-        if film_ptr.is_null() {
-            panic!("Camera must have a film");
-        }
-        let film = &*film_ptr;
-
-        let aspect = film.full_resolution().x() as Float / film.full_resolution().y() as Float;
-        let diagonal = film.diagonal();
-        let x = (square(diagonal) / (1.0 + square(diagonal))).sqrt();
-        let y = x * aspect;
-        let physical_extent =
-            Bounds2f::from_points(Point2f::new(-x / 2., -y / 2.), Point2f::new(x / 2., y / 2.));
-        let mut element_interface: Vec<LensElementInterface> = Vec::new();
-
-        for i in (0..lens_params.len()).step_by(4) {
-            let curvature_radius = lens_params[i] / 1000.0;
-            let thickness = lens_params[i + 1] / 1000.0;
-            let eta = lens_params[i + 2];
-            let mut aperture_diameter = lens_params[i + 3] / 1000.0;
-
-            if curvature_radius == 0.0 {
-                aperture_diameter /= 1000.0;
-                if set_aperture_diameter > aperture_diameter {
-                    println!("Aperture is larger than possible")
-                } else {
-                    aperture_diameter = set_aperture_diameter;
-                }
-            }
-            let el_int = LensElementInterface {
-                curvature_radius,
-                thickness,
-                eta,
-                aperture_radius: aperture_diameter / 2.0,
-            };
-            element_interface.push(el_int);
-        }
-
-        let half_diag = film.diagonal() / 2.0;
-        let mut exit_pupil_bounds = [Bounds2f::default(); EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES];
-
-        for i in 0..EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES {
-            let r0 = (i as Float / EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES as Float) * half_diag;
-            let r1 = ((i + 1) as Float / EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES as Float) * half_diag;
-            exit_pupil_bounds[i] = Self::compute_exit_pupil_bounds(&element_interface, r0, r1);
-        }
-
-        let n_elements = element_interface.len();
-        let element_interfaces = element_interface.as_ptr();
-        std::mem::forget(element_interface);
-
-        Self {
-            base,
-            focus_distance,
-            element_interfaces: Ptr::from(element_interfaces),
-            n_elements,
-            physical_extent,
-            set_aperture_diameter,
-            aperture_image,
-            exit_pupil_bounds,
-        }
-    }
-
     pub fn compute_cardinal_points(r_in: Ray, r_out: Ray) -> (Float, Float) {
         let tf = -r_out.o.x() / r_out.d.x();
         let tp = (r_in.o.x() - r_out.o.x()) / r_out.d.x();
@@ -218,11 +149,8 @@ impl RealisticCamera {
             }
         }
 
+        // Unable to find exit pupil in x = {},{} on film.
         if pupil_bounds.is_degenerate() {
-            print!(
-                "Unable to find exit pupil in x = {},{} on film.",
-                film_x_0, film_x_1
-            );
             return pupil_bounds;
         }
 

shared/src/cameras/spherical.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, PI};
 use crate::core::sampler::CameraSample;
 use crate::spectra::{SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::math::{equal_area_square_to_sphere, wrap_equal_area_square};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]

shared/src/core/bssrdf.rs

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use crate::utils::math::{catmull_rom_weights, square};
 use crate::utils::sampling::sample_catmull_rom_2d;
 use crate::{Float, PI};
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct BSSRDFSample {

shared/src/core/camera.rs

@@ -5,15 +5,15 @@ use crate::core::geometry::{
 };
 use crate::core::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::core::medium::Medium;
-use crate::core::options::RenderingCoordinateSystem;
 use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
 use crate::core::sampler::CameraSample;
 use crate::spectra::{SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::math::lerp;
+use crate::utils::options::RenderingCoordinateSystem;
 use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::transform::{AnimatedTransform, Transform};
-
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]

shared/src/core/color.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-use std::any::TypeId;
+use core::any::TypeId;
-use std::fmt;
+use core::fmt;
-use std::ops::{
+use core::ops::{
     Add, AddAssign, Div, DivAssign, Index, IndexMut, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub, SubAssign,
 };
 
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::core::spectrum::Spectrum;
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::find_interval;
 use crate::utils::math::{SquareMatrix, SquareMatrix3f, clamp, evaluate_polynomial, lerp};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
 
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ impl From<[Float; 3]> for XYZ {
 
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a XYZ {
     type Item = &'a Float;
-    type IntoIter = std::array::IntoIter<&'a Float, 3>;
+    type IntoIter = core::array::IntoIter<&'a Float, 3>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         [&self.x, &self.y, &self.z].into_iter()
@@ -284,7 +285,7 @@ impl From<(Float, Float, Float)> for RGB {
 
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a RGB {
     type Item = &'a Float;
-    type IntoIter = std::array::IntoIter<&'a Float, 3>;
+    type IntoIter = core::array::IntoIter<&'a Float, 3>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         [&self.r, &self.g, &self.b].into_iter()

shared/src/core/film.rs

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use crate::utils::math::{SquareMatrix, wrap_equal_area_square};
 use crate::utils::sampling::VarianceEstimator;
 use crate::utils::transform::AnimatedTransform;
 use crate::utils::{AtomicFloat, Ptr};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -298,9 +299,9 @@ pub struct SpectralPixel {
 impl Clone for SpectralPixel {
     fn clone(&self) -> Self {
         Self {
-            rgb_sum: std::array::from_fn(|i| AtomicFloat::new(self.rgb_sum[i].get())),
+            rgb_sum: core::array::from_fn(|i| AtomicFloat::new(self.rgb_sum[i].get())),
             rgb_weight_sum: AtomicFloat::new(self.rgb_weight_sum.get()),
-            rgb_splat: std::array::from_fn(|i| AtomicFloat::new(self.rgb_splat[i].get())),
+            rgb_splat: core::array::from_fn(|i| AtomicFloat::new(self.rgb_splat[i].get())),
             bucket_offset: self.bucket_offset,
         }
     }
@@ -309,9 +310,9 @@ impl Clone for SpectralPixel {
 impl Default for SpectralPixel {
     fn default() -> Self {
         Self {
-            rgb_sum: std::array::from_fn(|_| AtomicFloat::new(0.0)),
+            rgb_sum: core::array::from_fn(|_| AtomicFloat::new(0.0)),
             rgb_weight_sum: AtomicFloat::new(0.0),
-            rgb_splat: std::array::from_fn(|_| AtomicFloat::new(0.0)),
+            rgb_splat: core::array::from_fn(|_| AtomicFloat::new(0.0)),
             bucket_offset: 0,
         }
     }

shared/src/core/geometry/bounds.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,12 @@
 use super::{Float, NumFloat};
 use super::{Point, Point2f, Point3, Point3f, Vector, Vector2, Vector2f, Vector3, Vector3f};
-use crate::core::geometry::traits::{Sqrt, VectorLike};
+use crate::core::geometry::traits::{SqrtExt, VectorLike};
 use crate::core::geometry::{max, min};
 use crate::utils::interval::Interval;
 use crate::utils::math::lerp;
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops::{Add, Div, DivAssign, Mul, Sub};
 use num_traits::{Bounded, Num};
-use std::mem;
-use std::ops::{Add, Div, DivAssign, Mul, Sub};
 
 // AABB BOUNDING BOXES
 
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub struct Bounds<T, const N: usize> {
 
 impl<'a, T, const N: usize> IntoIterator for &'a Bounds<T, N> {
     type Item = &'a Point<T, N>;
-    type IntoIter = std::array::IntoIter<&'a Point<T, N>, 2>;
+    type IntoIter = core::array::IntoIter<&'a Point<T, N>, 2>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         [&self.p_min, &self.p_max].into_iter()
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ where
     }
 
     pub fn corner(&self, corner_index: usize) -> Point<T, N> {
-        Point(std::array::from_fn(|i| {
+        Point(core::array::from_fn(|i| {
             if (corner_index >> i) & 1 == 1 {
                 self.p_max[i]
             } else {
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ where
 
 impl<T> Bounds3<T>
 where
-    T: NumFloat + PartialOrd + Copy + Default + Sqrt,
+    T: NumFloat + PartialOrd + Copy + Default + SqrtExt,
 {
     pub fn bounding_sphere(&self) -> (Point3<T>, T) {
         let two = T::one() + T::one();

shared/src/core/geometry/cone.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use super::{Bounds3f, Float, PI, Point3f, Vector3f, VectorLike};
 use crate::utils::math::{degrees, safe_acos, safe_asin, safe_sqrt, square};
 use crate::utils::transform::TransformGeneric;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct DirectionCone {

shared/src/core/geometry/mod.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub use self::primitives::{
     Vector3i,
 };
 pub use self::ray::{Ray, RayDifferential};
-pub use self::traits::{Lerp, Sqrt, Tuple, VectorLike};
+pub use self::traits::{Lerp, SqrtExt, Tuple, VectorLike};
 
 use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, PI};
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, square};

shared/src/core/geometry/primitives.rs

@@ -1,13 +1,13 @@
-use super::traits::{Sqrt, Tuple, VectorLike};
+use super::traits::{SqrtExt, Tuple, VectorLike};
 use super::{Float, NumFloat, PI};
 use crate::utils::interval::Interval;
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, difference_of_products, quadratic, safe_asin};
-use num_traits::{AsPrimitive, FloatConst, Num, Signed, Zero};
+use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use core::iter::Sum;
-use std::iter::Sum;
+use core::ops::{
-use std::ops::{
     Add, AddAssign, Div, DivAssign, Index, IndexMut, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub, SubAssign,
 };
+use num_traits::{AsPrimitive, FloatConst, Num, Signed, Zero};
 
 pub trait MulAdd<M = Self, A = Self> {
     type Output;
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ impl MulAdd<Float, Float> for Float {
     type Output = Float;
     #[inline(always)]
     fn mul_add(self, multiplier: Float, addend: Float) -> Self::Output {
-        self.mul_add(multiplier, addend)
+        num_traits::Float::mul_add(self, multiplier, addend)
     }
 }
 
@@ -305,7 +305,7 @@ macro_rules! impl_float_vector_ops {
                 + Mul<Output = T>
                 + Sub<Output = T>
                 + Div<Output = T>
-                + Sqrt,
+                + SqrtExt,
         {
             type Scalar = T;
             fn dot(self, rhs: Self) -> T {
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ impl<T: Copy, const N: usize> From<Point<T, N>> for Vector<T, N> {
 
 impl<T, const N: usize> Point<T, N>
 where
-    T: NumFloat + Sqrt,
+    T: NumFloat + SqrtExt,
 {
     pub fn distance(self, other: Self) -> T {
         (self - other).norm()
@@ -814,7 +814,7 @@ impl<const N: usize> From<Point<i32, N>> for Point<Float, N> {
 
 impl<T> Normal3<T>
 where
-    T: Num + PartialOrd + Copy + Neg<Output = T> + Sqrt,
+    T: Num + PartialOrd + Copy + Neg<Output = T> + SqrtExt,
 {
     pub fn face_forward(self, v: impl Into<Vector3<T>>) -> Self {
         let v: Vector3<T> = v.into();

shared/src/core/geometry/traits.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
 use crate::utils::interval::Interval;
 use crate::utils::math::{next_float_down, next_float_up};
+use core::ops::{Add, Div, DivAssign, Index, IndexMut, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub};
 use num_traits::{Float as NumFloat, FloatConst, Num, One, Signed, Zero};
-use std::ops::{Add, Div, DivAssign, Index, IndexMut, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub};
 
 pub trait Tuple<T, const N: usize>:
     Sized + Copy + Index<usize, Output = T> + IndexMut<usize>
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ pub trait VectorLike:
     + Div<Self::Scalar, Output = Self>
     + Mul<Self::Scalar, Output = Self>
 {
-    type Scalar: Copy + Zero + Add<Output = Self::Scalar> + Mul<Output = Self::Scalar> + Sqrt;
+    type Scalar: Copy + Zero + Add<Output = Self::Scalar> + Mul<Output = Self::Scalar> + SqrtExt;
 
     fn dot(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Scalar;
     fn norm_squared(self) -> Self::Scalar {
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ pub trait VectorLike:
     }
 
     fn norm(&self) -> Self::Scalar {
-        self.norm_squared().sqrt()
+        self.norm_squared().sqrt_ext()
     }
 
     fn normalize(self) -> Self
@@ -119,36 +119,36 @@ pub trait VectorLike:
     }
 }
 
-pub trait Sqrt {
+pub trait SqrtExt {
-    fn sqrt(self) -> Self;
+    fn sqrt_ext(self) -> Self;
 }
 
-impl Sqrt for Float {
+impl SqrtExt for Float {
-    fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+    fn sqrt_ext(self) -> Self {
-        self.sqrt()
+        <Self as num_traits::Float>::sqrt(self)
     }
 }
 
-impl Sqrt for f64 {
+impl SqrtExt for f64 {
-    fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+    fn sqrt_ext(self) -> Self {
-        self.sqrt()
+        <Self as num_traits::Float>::sqrt(self)
     }
 }
 
-impl Sqrt for i32 {
+impl SqrtExt for i32 {
-    fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+    fn sqrt_ext(self) -> Self {
         self.isqrt()
     }
 }
 
-impl Sqrt for u32 {
+impl SqrtExt for u32 {
-    fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+    fn sqrt_ext(self) -> Self {
         self.isqrt()
     }
 }
 
-impl Sqrt for Interval {
+impl SqrtExt for Interval {
-    fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+    fn sqrt_ext(self) -> Self {
         let low = if self.low < 0.0 {
             0.0
         } else {

shared/src/core/image.rs

@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@ use crate::core::color::{ColorEncoding, ColorEncodingTrait, LINEAR};
 use crate::core::geometry::{Bounds2f, Point2f, Point2fi, Point2i};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::containers::DeviceArray2D;
-use crate::utils::math::{f16_to_f32, lerp, square};
+use crate::utils::math::{f16_to_f32_software, lerp, square};
 use core::hash;
-use half::f16;
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
-use smallvec::{SmallVec, smallvec};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
-use std::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
 pub enum WrapMode {
@@ -36,8 +35,8 @@ pub enum PixelFormat {
     F32,
 }
 
-impl std::fmt::Display for PixelFormat {
+impl core::fmt::Display for PixelFormat {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
         match self {
             PixelFormat::U8 => write!(f, "U256"),
             PixelFormat::F16 => write!(f, "Half"),
@@ -72,7 +71,7 @@ impl PixelFormat {
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
 pub enum Pixels {
     U8(Ptr<u8>),
-    F16(Ptr<f16>),
+    F16(Ptr<u16>),
     F32(Ptr<f32>),
 }
 
@@ -180,7 +179,7 @@ impl ImageAccess for DeviceImage {
                 }
                 Pixels::F16(ptr) => {
                     let raw_val = *ptr.add(offset as usize);
-                    raw_val.to_f32()
+                    f16_to_f32_software(raw_val)
                 }
                 Pixels::F32(ptr) => *ptr.add(offset as usize),
             }

shared/src/core/interaction.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::core::material::{
     Material, MaterialEvalContext, MaterialTrait, NormalBumpEvalContext, bump_map, normal_map,
 };
 use crate::core::medium::{Medium, MediumInterface, PhaseFunction};
-use crate::core::options::get_options;
 use crate::core::sampler::{Sampler, SamplerTrait};
 use crate::core::shape::Shape;
 use crate::core::texture::{GPUFloatTexture, UniversalTextureEvaluator};
@@ -21,8 +20,6 @@ use crate::spectra::{SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, difference_of_products, square};
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use std::any::Any;
-use std::default;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Default, Copy, Clone, Debug)]
@@ -347,69 +344,6 @@ impl SurfaceInteraction {
         }
     }
 
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "cuda"))]
-    pub fn get_bsdf(
-        &mut self,
-        r: &Ray,
-        lambda: &SampledWavelengths,
-        camera: &Camera,
-        sampler: &mut Sampler,
-    ) -> Option<BSDF> {
-        self.compute_differentials(r, camera, sampler.samples_per_pixel() as i32);
-
-        let material = {
-            let root_mat = self.material;
-            let mut active_mat: &Material = &*root_mat;
-            let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
-            while let Material::Mix(mix) = active_mat {
-                // We need a context to evaluate the 'amount' texture
-                let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(&*self);
-                active_mat = mix.choose_material(&tex_eval, &ctx)?;
-            }
-            active_mat.clone()
-        };
-
-        let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(&*self);
-        let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
-        let displacement = material.get_displacement();
-        let normal_map = Ptr::from(material.get_normal_map().unwrap());
-        if !displacement.is_null() || !normal_map.is_null() {
-            // This calls the function defined above
-            self.compute_bump_geom(&tex_eval, displacement, normal_map);
-        }
-
-        let mut bsdf = material.get_bsdf(&tex_eval, &ctx, lambda);
-        if get_options().force_diffuse {
-            let r = bsdf.rho_wo(self.common.wo, &[sampler.get1d()], &[sampler.get2d()]);
-            let diff_bxdf = BxDF::Diffuse(DiffuseBxDF::new(r));
-            bsdf = BSDF::new(self.shading.n, self.shading.dpdu, Ptr::from(&diff_bxdf));
-        }
-        Some(bsdf)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(target_os = "cuda"))]
-    pub fn get_bssrdf(
-        &self,
-        _ray: &Ray,
-        lambda: &SampledWavelengths,
-        _camera: &Camera,
-    ) -> Option<BSSRDF> {
-        let material = {
-            let mut active_mat = unsafe { self.material.as_ref() };
-            let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
-            while let Material::Mix(mix) = active_mat {
-                // We need a context to evaluate the 'amount' texture
-                let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(self);
-                active_mat = mix.choose_material(&tex_eval, &ctx)?;
-            }
-            active_mat.clone()
-        };
-
-        let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(self);
-        let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
-        material.get_bssrdf(&tex_eval, &ctx, lambda)
-    }
-
     fn compute_bump_geom(
         &mut self,
         tex_eval: &UniversalTextureEvaluator,

shared/src/core/material.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use crate::materials::*;
+use core::ops::Deref;
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use std::ops::Deref;
 
 use crate::Float;
 use crate::bxdfs::{

shared/src/core/medium.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use crate::core::geometry::{
     Bounds3f, Frame, Point2f, Point3f, Point3i, Ray, Vector3f, VectorLike, spherical_direction,
@@ -15,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::utils::math::{clamp, square};
 use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::rng::Rng;
 use crate::utils::transform::Transform;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -371,7 +371,7 @@ impl MediumProperties {
 }
 
 #[enum_dispatch]
-pub trait MediumTrait: Send + Sync + std::fmt::Debug {
+pub trait MediumTrait: Send + Sync + core::fmt::Debug {
     fn is_emissive(&self) -> bool;
     fn sample_point(&self, p: Point3f, lambda: &SampledWavelengths) -> MediumProperties;
     fn sample_ray(

shared/src/core/mod.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ pub mod interaction;
 pub mod light;
 pub mod material;
 pub mod medium;
-pub mod options;
 pub mod pbrt;
 pub mod primitive;
 pub mod sampler;

shared/src/core/pbrt.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,6 @@
 use crate::core::geometry::Lerp;
-use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering as SyncOrdering};
+use core::ops::{Add, Mul};
 use num_traits::{Num, PrimInt};
-use std::hash::Hash;
-use std::ops::{Add, Mul};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex};
 
 use crate::core::image::DeviceImage;
 use crate::core::light::LightTrait;
@@ -15,40 +12,6 @@ use crate::utils::Ptr;
 
 pub type Float = f32;
 
-// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-// pub struct Host;
-//
-// #[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug)]
-// pub struct Device;
-//
-// pub trait Backend: Copy + Clone + 'static {
-//     type ShapeRef: Copy + Clone;
-//     type TextureRef: Copy + Clone;
-//     type ImageRef: Copy + Clone;
-//     type DenseSpectrumRef = Ptr<DenselySampledSpectrum>;
-//     type ColorSpaceRef = Ptr<RGBColorSpace>;
-//     type DiffuseLight: LightTrait;
-//     type PointLight: LightTrait;
-//     type UniformInfiniteLight: LightTrait;
-//     type PortalInfiniteLight: LightTrait;
-//     type ImageInfiniteLight: LightTrait;
-//     type SpotLight: LightTrait;
-// }
-//
-// impl Backend for Device {
-//     type ShapeRef = Ptr<Shape>;
-//     type TextureRef = Ptr<GPUFloatTexture>;
-//     type ColorSpaceRef = Ptr<RGBColorSpace>;
-//     type DenseSpectrumRef = Ptr<DenselySampledSpectrum>;
-//     type ImageRef = Ptr<DeviceImage>;
-//     type DiffuseLight = Ptr<DiffuseAreaLight<Device>>;
-//     type PointLight = Ptr<PointLight<Device>>;
-//     type UniformInfiniteLight = Ptr<UniformInfiniteLight<Device>>;
-//     type PortalInfiniteLight = Ptr<PortalInfiniteLight<Device>>;
-//     type ImageInfiniteLight = Ptr<ImageInfiniteLight<Device>>;
-//     type SpotLight = Ptr<SpotLight<Device>>;
-// }
-//
 #[cfg(not(feature = "use_f64"))]
 pub type FloatBits = u32;
 
@@ -134,24 +97,28 @@ impl FloatBitOps for f64 {
 pub const MACHINE_EPSILON: Float = Float::EPSILON * 0.5;
 pub const SHADOW_EPSILON: Float = 0.0001;
 pub const ONE_MINUS_EPSILON: Float = 0.99999994;
-pub const PI: Float = std::f32::consts::PI;
+pub const PI: Float = core::f32::consts::PI;
-pub const INV_PI: Float = 0.318_309_886_183_790_671_54;
+pub const INV_PI: Float = core::f32::consts::FRAC_1_PI;
 pub const INV_2_PI: Float = 0.159_154_943_091_895_335_77;
 pub const INV_4_PI: Float = 0.079_577_471_545_947_667_88;
-pub const PI_OVER_2: Float = 1.570_796_326_794_896_619_23;
+pub const PI_OVER_2: Float = core::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_2;
-pub const PI_OVER_4: Float = 0.785_398_163_397_448_309_61;
+pub const PI_OVER_4: Float = core::f32::consts::FRAC_PI_4;
-pub const SQRT_2: Float = 1.414_213_562_373_095_048_80;
+pub const SQRT_2: Float = core::f32::consts::SQRT_2;
 
 #[inline]
 pub fn gamma(n: i32) -> Float {
     n as Float * MACHINE_EPSILON / (1. - n as Float * MACHINE_EPSILON)
 }
 
-pub static RARE_EVENT_TOTAL_CALLS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+#[cfg(feature = "cpu_debug")]
-pub static RARE_EVENT_CONDITION_MET: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+pub mod debug {
+    use core::sync::atomic::AtomicU64;
+    use core::sync::atomic::Ordering as SyncOrdering;
+    pub static RARE_EVENT_TOTAL_CALLS: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+    pub static RARE_EVENT_CONDITION_MET: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
 
-#[macro_export]
+    #[macro_export]
-macro_rules! check_rare {
+    macro_rules! check_rare {
         ($frequency_threshold:expr, $condition:expr) => {
             use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering as SyncOrdering};
             const CHECK_INTERVAL: u64 = 4096;
@@ -175,4 +142,5 @@ macro_rules! check_rare {
                 }
             }
         };
+    }
 }

shared/src/core/primitive.rs

@@ -11,7 +11,6 @@ use crate::utils::hash::hash_float;
 use crate::utils::transform::{AnimatedTransform, Transform};
 
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 #[enum_dispatch]
 pub trait PrimitiveTrait: Send + Sync {

shared/src/core/sampler.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::core::filter::FilterTrait;
 use crate::core::geometry::{Bounds2f, Point2f, Point2i, Vector2f};
-use crate::core::options::{PBRTOptions, get_options};
 use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, ONE_MINUS_EPSILON, PI, PI_OVER_2, PI_OVER_4};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::containers::DeviceArray2D;
@@ -14,7 +13,6 @@ use crate::utils::rng::Rng;
 use crate::utils::sobol::N_SOBOL_DIMENSIONS;
 use crate::utils::{hash::*, sobol};
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
-use rand::seq::index::sample;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]

shared/src/core/scattering.rs

@@ -6,8 +6,9 @@ use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, PI};
 use crate::spectra::{N_SPECTRUM_SAMPLES, SampledSpectrum};
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, lerp, safe_sqrt, square};
 use crate::utils::sampling::sample_uniform_disk_polar;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
-use num::complex::Complex;
+use crate::utils::complex::Complex;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Default, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -148,11 +149,11 @@ pub fn fr_dielectric(cos_theta_i: Float, eta: Float) -> Float {
     (square(r_parl) + square(r_perp)) / 2.
 }
 
-pub fn fr_complex(cos_theta_i: Float, eta: Complex<Float>) -> Float {
+pub fn fr_complex(cos_theta_i: Float, eta: Complex) -> Float {
     let cos_corr = clamp(cos_theta_i, 0., 1.);
     let sin2_theta_i = 1. - square(cos_corr);
-    let sin2_theta_t: Complex<Float> = sin2_theta_i / square(eta);
+    let sin2_theta_t: Complex = sin2_theta_i / square(eta);
-    let cos2_theta_t: Complex<Float> = (1. - sin2_theta_t).sqrt();
+    let cos2_theta_t: Complex = (1. - sin2_theta_t).sqrt();
 
     let r_parl = (eta * cos_corr - cos2_theta_t) / (eta * cos_corr + cos2_theta_t);
     let r_perp = (cos_corr - eta * cos2_theta_t) / (cos_corr + eta * cos2_theta_t);

shared/src/core/texture.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use crate::utils::Transform;
 use crate::utils::math::square;
 use crate::{Float, INV_2_PI, INV_PI, PI};
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 pub use crate::textures::*;
 

shared/src/data.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 use crate::Float;
 use bytemuck::cast_slice;
-use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 
 #[repr(C, align(16))]
 struct AlignedData<const N: usize>(pub [u8; N]);

shared/src/filters/lanczos.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ use crate::Float;
 use crate::core::filter::{FilterSample, FilterSampler, FilterTrait};
 use crate::core::geometry::{Point2f, Vector2f};
 use crate::utils::math::{lerp, windowed_sinc};
-use rand::Rng;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Copy)]
@@ -10,6 +9,7 @@ pub struct LanczosSincFilter {
     pub radius: Vector2f,
     pub tau: Float,
     pub sampler: FilterSampler,
+    pub integral: Float,
 }
 
 impl FilterTrait for LanczosSincFilter {
@@ -23,26 +23,7 @@ impl FilterTrait for LanczosSincFilter {
     }
 
     fn integral(&self) -> Float {
-        let sqrt_samples = 64;
+        self.integral
-        let n_samples = sqrt_samples * sqrt_samples;
-        let area = (2.0 * self.radius.x()) * (2.0 * self.radius.y());
-        let mut sum = 0.0;
-        let mut rng = rand::rng();
-
-        for y in 0..sqrt_samples {
-            for x in 0..sqrt_samples {
-                let u = Point2f::new(
-                    (x as Float + rng.random::<Float>()) / sqrt_samples as Float,
-                    (y as Float + rng.random::<Float>()) / sqrt_samples as Float,
-                );
-                let p = Point2f::new(
-                    lerp(u.x(), -self.radius.x(), self.radius.x()),
-                    lerp(u.y(), -self.radius.y(), self.radius.y()),
-                );
-                sum += self.evaluate(p);
-            }
-        }
-        sum / n_samples as Float * area
     }
 
     fn sample(&self, u: Point2f) -> FilterSample {

shared/src/filters/mitchell.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::Float;
 use crate::core::filter::{FilterSample, FilterSampler, FilterTrait};
 use crate::core::geometry::{Point2f, Vector2f};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]

shared/src/filters/triangle.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use crate::Float;
 use crate::core::filter::{FilterSample, FilterTrait};
 use crate::core::geometry::{Point2f, Vector2f};
 use crate::utils::math::sample_tent;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Copy)]

shared/src/lib.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(unused_imports, dead_code)]
-#![feature(float_erf)]
-#![feature(f16)]
 #![feature(associated_type_defaults)]
+#![no_std]
 
 pub mod bxdfs;
 pub mod cameras;
@@ -16,4 +15,5 @@ pub mod textures;
 pub mod utils;
 
 pub use core::pbrt::*;
+pub use utils::PBRTOptions;
 pub use utils::ptr::Ptr;

shared/src/lights/diffuse.rs

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ use crate::spectra::*;
 use crate::utils::hash::hash_float;
 use crate::utils::{Ptr, Transform};
 use crate::{Float, PI};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Copy)]

shared/src/lights/distant.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::core::spectrum::SpectrumTrait;
 use crate::spectra::{DenselySampledSpectrum, SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::{Float, PI};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]

shared/src/lights/infinite.rs

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ use crate::utils::sampling::{
 };
 use crate::utils::{Ptr, Transform};
 use crate::{Float, PI};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]

shared/src/lights/point.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::core::spectrum::SpectrumTrait;
 use crate::spectra::{DenselySampledSpectrum, SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::{Float, PI};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]

shared/src/lights/projection.rs

@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ use crate::{
     spectra::{RGBColorSpace, RGBIlluminantSpectrum},
     utils::{Ptr, Transform, sampling::DevicePiecewiseConstant2D},
 };
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]

shared/src/lights/sampler.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::sampling::AliasTable;
 use crate::{Float, ONE_MINUS_EPSILON, PI};
 use enum_dispatch::enum_dispatch;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug, Default)]
 #[repr(C)]
@@ -26,7 +27,7 @@ pub struct CompactLightBounds {
     pub qb: [[u16; 3]; 2],
 }
 
-const _: () = assert!(std::mem::size_of::<CompactLightBounds>() == 24);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<CompactLightBounds>() == 24);
 
 impl CompactLightBounds {
     pub fn new(lb: &LightBounds, all_b: &Bounds3f) -> Self {
@@ -291,7 +292,7 @@ pub struct LightBVHNode {
     packed_data: u32,
 }
 
-const _: () = assert!(std::mem::size_of::<LightBVHNode>() == 32);
+const _: () = assert!(core::mem::size_of::<LightBVHNode>() == 32);
 
 impl LightBVHNode {
     /// Mask to isolate the Leaf Flag (Bit 31)

shared/src/lights/spot.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::core::spectrum::SpectrumTrait;
 use crate::spectra::{DenselySampledSpectrum, SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::{Float, PI};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]

shared/src/materials/coated.rs

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ pub struct CoatedDiffuseMaterial {
     pub max_depth: u32,
     pub n_samples: u32,
     pub remap_roughness: bool,
+    pub seed: i32,
 }
 
 impl CoatedDiffuseMaterial {
@@ -45,6 +46,7 @@ impl CoatedDiffuseMaterial {
         remap_roughness: bool,
         max_depth: u32,
         n_samples: u32,
+        seed: i32,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             displacement,
@@ -59,6 +61,7 @@ impl CoatedDiffuseMaterial {
             remap_roughness,
             max_depth,
             n_samples,
+            seed,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -112,6 +115,7 @@ impl MaterialTrait for CoatedDiffuseMaterial {
             gg,
             self.max_depth,
             self.n_samples,
+            self.seed,
         ));
 
         BSDF::new(ctx.ns, ctx.dpdus, Ptr::from(&bxdf))
@@ -165,6 +169,7 @@ pub struct CoatedConductorMaterial {
     max_depth: u32,
     n_samples: u32,
     remap_roughness: bool,
+    seed: i32,
 }
 
 impl CoatedConductorMaterial {
@@ -186,6 +191,7 @@ impl CoatedConductorMaterial {
         max_depth: u32,
         n_samples: u32,
         remap_roughness: bool,
+        seed: i32,
     ) -> Self {
         Self {
             displacement,
@@ -204,6 +210,7 @@ impl CoatedConductorMaterial {
             remap_roughness,
             max_depth,
             n_samples,
+            seed,
         }
     }
 }
@@ -279,6 +286,7 @@ impl MaterialTrait for CoatedConductorMaterial {
             gg,
             self.max_depth,
             self.n_samples,
+            self.seed,
         ));
         BSDF::new(ctx.ns, ctx.dpdus, Ptr::from(&bxdf))
     }
@@ -302,20 +310,24 @@ impl MaterialTrait for CoatedConductorMaterial {
             self.conductor_vroughness,
         ];
 
-        let mut spectrum_textures = Vec::with_capacity(4);
+        let mut spectrum_textures = [Ptr::null(); 4];
+        let mut n = 0;
 
-        spectrum_textures.push(self.albedo);
+        spectrum_textures[n] = self.albedo;
+        n += 1;
 
         if !self.conductor_eta.is_null() {
-            spectrum_textures.push(self.conductor_eta);
+            spectrum_textures[n] = self.conductor_eta;
+            n += 1;
         }
 
         if !self.k.is_null() {
-            spectrum_textures.push(self.k);
+            spectrum_textures[n] = self.k;
+            n += 1;
         }
 
         if !self.conductor_eta.is_null() {
-            spectrum_textures.push(self.reflectance);
+            spectrum_textures[n] = self.reflectance;
         }
 
         tex_eval.can_evaluate(&float_textures, &spectrum_textures)

shared/src/shapes/curves.rs

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use crate::utils::splines::{
     bound_cubic_bezier, cubic_bezier_control_points, evaluate_cubic_bezier, subdivide_cubic_bezier,
 };
 use crate::utils::transform::{Transform, look_at};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]

shared/src/shapes/cylinder.rs

@@ -12,10 +12,11 @@ use crate::utils::splines::{
 use crate::utils::transform::{Transform, look_at};
 use crate::{Float, PI, gamma};
 
-use crate::core::geometry::{Sqrt, Tuple};
+use crate::core::geometry::{SqrtExt, Tuple};
 use crate::utils::interval::Interval;
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, difference_of_products, lerp, square};
-use std::mem;
+use core::mem;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -68,13 +69,13 @@ impl CylinderShape {
         let f = b / (2. * a);
         let vx: Interval = oi.x() - f * di.x();
         let vy: Interval = oi.y() - f * di.y();
-        let length: Interval = (square(vx) + square(vy)).sqrt();
+        let length: Interval = (square(vx) + square(vy)).sqrt_ext();
         let discrim: Interval =
             4. * a * (Interval::new(self.radius) * length) * (Interval::new(self.radius) - length);
         if discrim.low < 0. {
             return None;
         }
-        let root_discrim = discrim.sqrt();
+        let root_discrim = discrim.sqrt_ext();
         let q = if Float::from(b) < 0. {
             -0.5 * (b - root_discrim)
         } else {

shared/src/shapes/disk.rs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ use crate::utils::Transform;
 use crate::utils::math::square;
 use crate::utils::sampling::sample_uniform_disk_concentric;
 use crate::{Float, PI};
-use std::sync::Arc;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]

shared/src/shapes/sphere.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::core::geometry::{
     Bounds3f, DirectionCone, Normal3f, Point2f, Point3f, Point3fi, Ray, Vector2f, Vector3f,
     Vector3fi, VectorLike,
 };
-use crate::core::geometry::{Frame, Sqrt, spherical_direction};
+use crate::core::geometry::{Frame, SqrtExt, spherical_direction};
 use crate::core::interaction::{Interaction, InteractionTrait, SurfaceInteraction};
 use crate::core::pbrt::gamma;
 use crate::core::shape::{
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ use crate::utils::interval::Interval;
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, difference_of_products, radians, safe_acos, safe_sqrt, square};
 use crate::utils::sampling::sample_uniform_sphere;
 use crate::{Float, PI};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
-use std::mem;
+use core::mem;
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ impl SphereShape {
             return None;
         }
 
-        let root_discrim = discrim.sqrt();
+        let root_discrim = discrim.sqrt_ext();
 
         let q = if Float::from(b) < 0. {
             -0.5 * (b - root_discrim)

shared/src/shapes/triangle.rs

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ use crate::core::geometry::{
     Bounds3f, DirectionCone, Normal, Normal3f, Point2f, Point3f, Point3fi, Ray, Vector2f, Vector3,
     Vector3f,
 };
-use crate::core::geometry::{Sqrt, Tuple, VectorLike, spherical_triangle_area};
+use crate::core::geometry::{SqrtExt, Tuple, VectorLike, spherical_triangle_area};
 use crate::core::interaction::{
     Interaction, InteractionBase, InteractionTrait, SimpleInteraction, SurfaceInteraction,
 };

shared/src/spectra/colorspace.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@ use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
 use crate::spectra::{DenselySampledSpectrum, SampledSpectrum};
 use crate::utils::math::SquareMatrix3f;
 use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
-use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
+use core::cmp::{Eq, PartialEq};
-
-use std::cmp::{Eq, PartialEq};
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Copy, Debug, Clone)]
@@ -19,13 +17,14 @@ pub struct DeviceStandardColorSpaces {
 
 impl DeviceStandardColorSpaces {
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "nvptx64"))]
-    pub fn get_named(&self, name: &str) -> Result<Ptr<RGBColorSpace>> {
+    pub fn get_named(&self, name: &str) -> Option<Ptr<RGBColorSpace>> {
-        match name.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+        let lower = name.as_bytes();
-            "srgb" => Ok(self.srgb),
+        match lower {
-            "dci-p3" => Ok(self.dci_p3),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"srgb") => Some(self.srgb),
-            "rec2020" => Ok(self.rec2020),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"dci-p3") => Some(self.dci_p3),
-            "aces2065-1" => Ok(self.aces2065_1),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"rec2020") => Some(self.rec2020),
-            _ => Err(anyhow!("No such spectrum")),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"aces2065-1") => Some(self.aces2065_1),
+            _ => None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -51,11 +50,12 @@ pub enum ColorSpaceId {
 impl ColorSpaceId {
     #[cfg(not(target_arch = "nvptx64"))]
     pub fn from_name(name: &str) -> Option<Self> {
-        match name.to_lowercase().as_str() {
+        let lower = name.as_bytes();
-            "srgb" => Some(Self::SRGB),
+        match lower {
-            "dci-p3" => Some(Self::DciP3),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"srgb") => Some(Self::SRGB),
-            "rec2020" => Some(Self::Rec2020),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"dci-p3") => Some(Self::DciP3),
-            "aces2065-1" => Some(Self::Aces2065_1),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"rec2020") => Some(Self::Rec2020),
+            b if b.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b"aces2065-1") => Some(Self::Aces2065_1),
             _ => None,
         }
     }

shared/src/spectra/sampled.rs

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
 use crate::core::spectrum::{SpectrumTrait, StandardSpectra};
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, lerp};
-use std::ops::{
+use core::ops::{
     Add, AddAssign, Div, DivAssign, Index, IndexMut, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub, SubAssign,
 };
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 pub const CIE_Y_INTEGRAL: Float = 106.856895;
 
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ impl SampledSpectrum {
         F: FnMut(usize) -> Float,
     {
         Self {
-            values: std::array::from_fn(cb),
+            values: core::array::from_fn(cb),
         }
     }
 
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ impl SampledSpectrum {
 
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a SampledSpectrum {
     type Item = &'a Float;
-    type IntoIter = std::slice::Iter<'a, Float>;
+    type IntoIter = core::slice::Iter<'a, Float>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         self.values.iter()
@@ -139,7 +140,7 @@ impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a SampledSpectrum {
 
 impl<'a> IntoIterator for &'a mut SampledSpectrum {
     type Item = &'a mut Float;
-    type IntoIter = std::slice::IterMut<'a, Float>;
+    type IntoIter = core::slice::IterMut<'a, Float>;
 
     fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
         self.values.iter_mut()

shared/src/spectra/simple.rs

@@ -6,8 +6,7 @@ use crate::spectra::{N_SPECTRUM_SAMPLES, SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::find_interval;
 use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use core::slice;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
-use std::sync::LazyLock;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
@@ -68,17 +67,6 @@ impl PartialEq for DenselySampledSpectrum {
 
 impl Eq for DenselySampledSpectrum {}
 
-// impl Hash for DenselySampledSpectrum {
-//     fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
-//         self.lambda_min.hash(state);
-//         self.lambda_max.hash(state);
-//
-//         for v in &self.values {
-//             v.to_bits().hash(state);
-//         }
-//     }
-// }
-
 impl SpectrumTrait for DenselySampledSpectrum {
     fn sample(&self, lambda: &SampledWavelengths) -> SampledSpectrum {
         let mut s = SampledSpectrum::default();

shared/src/textures/checkerboard.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use crate::core::texture::{
 };
 use crate::spectra::{SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::{Ptr, math::square};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 fn checkerboard(
     ctx: &TextureEvalContext,

shared/src/textures/dots.rs

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ use crate::spectra::sampled::{SampledSpectrum, SampledWavelengths};
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::math::square;
 use crate::utils::noise::noise_2d;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 fn inside_polka_dot(st: Point2f) -> bool {
     let s_cell = (st[0] + 0.5).floor();

shared/src/textures/marble.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ use crate::utils::math::clamp;
 use crate::utils::noise::fbm;
 use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::splines::evaluate_cubic_bezier;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Clone, Debug, Copy)]

shared/src/utils/complex.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use crate::Float;
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+pub struct Complex {
+    pub re: Float,
+    pub im: Float,
+}
+
+impl Complex {
+    pub fn new(re: Float, im: Float) -> Self {
+        Self { re, im }
+    }
+    pub fn norm(&self) -> Float {
+        (self.re * self.re + self.im * self.im).sqrt()
+    }
+    pub fn sqrt(self) -> Self {
+        let r = self.norm();
+        let re = ((r + self.re) / 2.0).sqrt();
+        let im = self.im.signum() * ((r - self.re) / 2.0).sqrt();
+        Self { re, im }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Add for Complex {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            re: self.re + rhs.re,
+            im: self.im + rhs.im,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Mul for Complex {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            re: self.re * rhs.re - self.im * rhs.im,
+            im: self.re * rhs.im + self.im * rhs.re,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Div for Complex {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+        let denom = rhs.re * rhs.re + rhs.im * rhs.im;
+        Self {
+            re: (self.re * rhs.re + self.im * rhs.im) / denom,
+            im: (self.im * rhs.re - self.re * rhs.im) / denom,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Sub for Complex {
+    type Output = Self;
+    fn sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            re: self.re - rhs.re,
+            im: self.im - rhs.im,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Mul<Complex> for Float {
+    type Output = Complex;
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Complex) -> Complex {
+        Complex {
+            re: self * rhs.re,
+            im: self * rhs.im,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Mul<Float> for Complex {
+    type Output = Complex;
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Float) -> Complex {
+        Complex {
+            re: self.re * rhs,
+            im: self.im * rhs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Sub<Complex> for Float {
+    type Output = Complex;
+    fn sub(self, rhs: Complex) -> Complex {
+        Complex {
+            re: self - rhs.re,
+            im: -rhs.im,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Add<Complex> for Float {
+    type Output = Complex;
+    fn add(self, rhs: Complex) -> Complex {
+        Complex {
+            re: self + rhs.re,
+            im: rhs.im,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl core::ops::Div<Complex> for Float {
+    type Output = Complex;
+    fn div(self, rhs: Complex) -> Complex {
+        let denom = rhs.re * rhs.re + rhs.im * rhs.im;
+        Complex {
+            re: self * rhs.re / denom,
+            im: -self * rhs.im / denom,
+        }
+    }
+}

shared/src/utils/containers.rs

@@ -4,11 +4,7 @@ use crate::core::geometry::{
 use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::math::lerp;
-use std::collections::HashSet;
+use core::ops::{Add, Index, IndexMut, Mul, Sub};
-use std::collections::hash_map::RandomState;
-use std::hash::{BuildHasher, Hash, Hasher};
-use std::ops::{Add, Index, IndexMut, Mul, Sub};
-use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock};
 
 pub trait Interpolatable:
     Copy + Default + Add<Output = Self> + Sub<Output = Self> + Mul<Float, Output = Self>
@@ -158,7 +154,7 @@ impl<T> SampledGrid<T> {
     }
 
     pub fn bytes_allocated(&self) -> u32 {
-        self.values_len * std::mem::size_of::<T>() as u32
+        self.values_len * core::mem::size_of::<T>() as u32
     }
 
     pub fn x_size(&self) -> i32 {

shared/src/utils/error.rs

@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-use std::fmt;
-use std::sync::Arc;
-
-#[derive(Debug)]
-pub enum LlsError {
-    SingularMatrix,
-}
-
-impl std::error::Error for LlsError {}
-
-#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
-pub enum InversionError {
-    SingularMatrix,
-    EmptyMatrix,
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for LlsError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            LlsError::SingularMatrix => write!(f, "Matrix is singular and cannot be inverted."),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl fmt::Display for InversionError {
-    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
-        match self {
-            InversionError::SingularMatrix => {
-                write!(f, "Matrix is singular and cannot be inverted.")
-            }
-            InversionError::EmptyMatrix => write!(f, "Matrix is empty and cannot be inverted."),
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-impl std::error::Error for InversionError {}

shared/src/utils/hash.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,4 @@
-use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
+use crate::Float;
-use std::collections::hash_map::DefaultHasher;
-use std::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
 
 const U32_TO_F32_SCALE: f32 = 1.0 / 4294967296.0;
 
@@ -58,9 +56,9 @@ pub fn murmur_hash_64a(key: &[u8], seed: u64) -> u64 {
 }
 
 pub fn hash_buffer<T: ?Sized>(data: &T, seed: u64) -> u64 {
-    let len = std::mem::size_of_val(data);
+    let len = core::mem::size_of_val(data);
     let ptr = data as *const T as *const u8;
-    let bytes = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len) };
+    let bytes = unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(ptr, len) };
     murmur_hash_64a(bytes, seed)
 }
 
@@ -72,7 +70,7 @@ macro_rules! hash_values {
             // We use a temporary tuple or array to pack bits
             #[repr(C, packed)]
             struct PackedData {
-                $(_field: Box<[u8]>),* // Phantom, logic below is simpler
+                $(_field: Box<[u8]>),*
             }
 
             // Calculate total size and create a byte buffer

shared/src/utils/interval.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::core::pbrt::Float;
 use crate::utils::math::{next_float_down, next_float_up};
 use num_traits::Zero;
-use std::ops::{Add, Div, Mul, Neg, Sub};
+use core::ops::{Add, Div, Mul, Neg, Sub};
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone, PartialEq)]

shared/src/utils/math.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-use super::error::{InversionError, LlsError};
 use crate::core::color::{RGB, XYZ};
 use crate::core::geometry::{Lerp, MulAdd, Point, Point2f, Point2i, Vector, Vector3f, VectorLike};
 use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, FloatBitOps, FloatBits, ONE_MINUS_EPSILON, PI, PI_OVER_4};
@@ -6,13 +5,11 @@ use crate::utils::hash::{hash_buffer, mix_bits};
 use crate::utils::sobol::{SOBOL_MATRICES_32, VDC_SOBOL_MATRICES, VDC_SOBOL_MATRICES_INV};
 
 use crate::utils::Ptr;
-use half::f16;
+use core::fmt::{self, Display, Write};
+use core::iter::{Product, Sum};
+use core::mem;
+use core::ops::{Add, Div, Index, IndexMut, Mul, Neg, Rem};
 use num_traits::{Float as NumFloat, Num, One, Signed, Zero};
-use std::error::Error;
-use std::fmt::{self, Display};
-use std::iter::{Product, Sum};
-use std::mem;
-use std::ops::{Add, Div, Index, IndexMut, Mul, Neg, Rem};
 
 #[inline]
 pub fn degrees(a: Float) -> Float {
@@ -69,7 +66,7 @@ pub fn evaluate_polynomial(t: Float, coeffs: &[Float]) -> Float {
     assert!(!coeffs.is_empty());
     let mut result = coeffs[0];
     for &c in &coeffs[1..] {
-        result = t.mul_add(result, c);
+        result = num_traits::Float::mul_add(t, result, c);
     }
     result
 }
@@ -274,13 +271,13 @@ pub fn smooth_step(x: Float, a: Float, b: Float) -> Float {
 pub fn linear_least_squares<const R: usize, const N: usize>(
     a: [[Float; R]; N],
     b: [[Float; R]; N],
-) -> Result<SquareMatrix<Float, R>, Box<dyn Error>> {
+) -> Option<SquareMatrix<Float, R>> {
     let am = Matrix::from(a);
     let bm = Matrix::from(b);
     let ata = am.transpose() * am;
     let atb = am.transpose() * bm;
     let at_ai = ata.inverse()?;
-    Ok((at_ai * atb).transpose())
+    Some((at_ai * atb).transpose())
 }
 
 pub fn newton_bisection<P>(mut x0: Float, mut x1: Float, mut f: P) -> Float
@@ -473,10 +470,24 @@ pub fn gaussian(x: Float, y: Float, sigma: Float) -> Float {
     (-(x * x + y * y) / (2. * sigma * sigma)).exp()
 }
 
+pub fn erf(x: Float) -> Float {
+    let a1 = 0.254829592;
+    let a2 = -0.284496736;
+    let a3 = 1.421413741;
+    let a4 = -1.453152027;
+    let a5 = 1.061405429;
+    let p = 0.3275911;
+    let sign = if x < 0.0 { -1.0 } else { 1.0 };
+    let x = x.abs();
+    let t = 1.0 / (1.0 + p * x);
+    let y = 1.0 - (((((a5 * t + a4) * t) + a3) * t + a2) * t + a1) * t * (-x * x).exp();
+    sign * y
+}
+
 pub fn gaussian_integral(x0: Float, x1: Float, mu: Float, sigma: Float) -> Float {
     assert!(sigma > 0.);
     let sigma_root2 = sigma * 1.414213562373095;
-    0.5 * (((mu - x0) / sigma_root2).erf() - ((mu - x1) / sigma_root2).erf())
+    0.5 * (erf((mu - x0) / sigma_root2) - erf((mu - x1) / sigma_root2))
 }
 
 pub fn sample_linear(u: Float, a: Float, b: Float) -> Float {
@@ -1079,7 +1090,7 @@ impl<T, const R: usize, const C: usize> Matrix<T, R, C> {
     where
         T: Clone + Zero,
     {
-        let m: [[T; C]; R] = std::array::from_fn(|_| std::array::from_fn(|_| T::zero()));
+        let m: [[T; C]; R] = core::array::from_fn(|_| core::array::from_fn(|_| T::zero()));
         Self { m }
     }
 
@@ -1189,21 +1200,30 @@ where
     }
 }
 
+struct CountingFmt(usize);
+
+impl Write for CountingFmt {
+    fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {
+        self.0 += s.len();
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
 impl<T: Display, const R: usize, const C: usize> Display for Matrix<T, R, C> {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
         let mut col_widths = [0; C];
+
+        // Measure without allocation
         for row in self.m.iter() {
             for (j, element) in row.iter().enumerate() {
-                let width = format!("{}", element).len();
+                let mut counter = CountingFmt(0);
-                if width > col_widths[j] {
+                let _ = write!(counter, "{}", element); // Ignores errors, just counts
-                    col_widths[j] = width;
+                col_widths[j] = col_widths[j].max(counter.0);
-                }
             }
         }
 
         for i in 0..R {
             write!(f, "[")?;
-            #[allow(clippy::needless_range_loop)]
             for j in 0..C {
                 write!(f, "{: >width$} ", self.m[i][j], width = col_widths[j])?;
             }
@@ -1238,8 +1258,8 @@ impl<T, const N: usize> SquareMatrix<T, N> {
         T: Copy + Zero + One,
     {
         Self {
-            m: std::array::from_fn(|i| {
+            m: core::array::from_fn(|i| {
-                std::array::from_fn(|j| if i == j { T::one() } else { T::zero() })
+                core::array::from_fn(|j| if i == j { T::one() } else { T::zero() })
             }),
         }
     }
@@ -1302,9 +1322,9 @@ impl<T, const N: usize> SquareMatrix<T, N>
 where
     T: NumFloat + Sum + Product + Copy,
 {
-    pub fn inverse(&self) -> Result<Self, InversionError> {
+    pub fn inverse(&self) -> Option<Self> {
         if N == 0 {
-            return Err(InversionError::EmptyMatrix);
+            return None;
         }
 
         let mut mat = self.m;
@@ -1322,7 +1342,7 @@ where
 
             let pivot = mat[i][i];
             if pivot.is_zero() {
-                return Err(InversionError::SingularMatrix);
+                return None;
             }
 
             let inv_pivot = T::one() / pivot;
@@ -1344,7 +1364,8 @@ where
                 }
             }
         }
-        Ok(inv)
+
+        Some(inv)
     }
 
     pub fn determinant(&self) -> T {
@@ -1448,7 +1469,8 @@ where
 {
     type Output = Vector<T, N>;
     fn mul(self, rhs: Vector<T, N>) -> Self::Output {
-        let arr = std::array::from_fn(|i| self.m[i].iter().zip(&rhs.0).map(|(m, v)| *m * *v).sum());
+        let arr =
+            core::array::from_fn(|i| self.m[i].iter().zip(&rhs.0).map(|(m, v)| *m * *v).sum());
         Vector(arr)
     }
 }
@@ -1459,7 +1481,8 @@ where
 {
     type Output = Point<T, N>;
     fn mul(self, rhs: Point<T, N>) -> Self::Output {
-        let arr = std::array::from_fn(|i| self.m[i].iter().zip(&rhs.0).map(|(m, v)| *m * *v).sum());
+        let arr =
+            core::array::from_fn(|i| self.m[i].iter().zip(&rhs.0).map(|(m, v)| *m * *v).sum());
         Point(arr)
     }
 }
@@ -1540,31 +1563,7 @@ mod tests {
     }
 }
 
-#[inline(always)]
+pub fn f16_to_f32_software(h: u16) -> f32 {
-pub fn f16_to_f32(bits: u16) -> f32 {
-    #[cfg(target_os = "cuda")]
-    {
-        // Use hardware intrinsic on CUDA
-        // Cast bits to cuda_std::f16, then cast to f32
-        let half_val = unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<u16, cuda_std::f16>(bits) };
-        half_val.to_f32()
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(target_arch = "spirv")]
-    {
-        // Use shared logic or spirv-std intrinsics if available.
-        // Sadly, f16 support in rust-gpu is still maturing.
-        // A manual bit-conversion function is often safest here.
-        f16_to_f32_software(bits)
-    }
-
-    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "cuda", target_arch = "spirv")))]
-    {
-        f16::from_bits(bits).to_f32()
-    }
-}
-
-fn f16_to_f32_software(h: u16) -> f32 {
     let sign = ((h >> 15) & 1) as u32;
     let exp = ((h >> 10) & 0x1F) as u32;
     let mant = (h & 0x3FF) as u32;

shared/src/utils/mod.rs

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
+pub mod complex;
 pub mod containers;
-pub mod error;
 pub mod hash;
 pub mod interval;
 pub mod math;
 pub mod mesh;
 pub mod noise;
+pub mod options;
 pub mod ptr;
 pub mod quaternion;
 pub mod rng;
@@ -13,11 +14,12 @@ pub mod sobol;
 pub mod splines;
 pub mod transform;
 
+pub use options::PBRTOptions;
 pub use ptr::Ptr;
 pub use transform::{AnimatedTransform, Transform, TransformGeneric};
 
 use crate::Float;
-use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicU32, Ordering};
 
 #[inline]
 pub fn find_interval<F>(sz: u32, pred: F) -> u32
@@ -113,37 +115,37 @@ impl AtomicFloat {
     }
 }
 
-pub struct AtomicDouble {
+// pub struct AtomicDouble {
-    bits: AtomicU64,
+//     bits: AtomicU64,
-}
+// }
-
+//
-impl AtomicDouble {
+// impl AtomicDouble {
-    pub fn new(val: f64) -> Self {
+//     pub fn new(val: f64) -> Self {
-        Self {
+//         Self {
-            bits: AtomicU64::new(val.to_bits()),
+//             bits: AtomicU64::new(val.to_bits()),
-        }
+//         }
-    }
+//     }
-
+//
-    pub fn get(&self) -> f64 {
+//     pub fn get(&self) -> f64 {
-        f64::from_bits(self.bits.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
+//         f64::from_bits(self.bits.load(Ordering::Relaxed))
-    }
+//     }
-
+//
-    pub fn add(&self, val: f64) {
+//     pub fn add(&self, val: f64) {
-        let mut current_bits = self.bits.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
+//         let mut current_bits = self.bits.load(Ordering::Relaxed);
-        loop {
+//         loop {
-            let current_val = f64::from_bits(current_bits);
+//             let current_val = f64::from_bits(current_bits);
-            let new_val = current_val + val;
+//             let new_val = current_val + val;
-            let new_bits = new_val.to_bits();
+//             let new_bits = new_val.to_bits();
-
+//
-            match self.bits.compare_exchange_weak(
+//             match self.bits.compare_exchange_weak(
-                current_bits,
+//                 current_bits,
-                new_bits,
+//                 new_bits,
-                Ordering::Relaxed,
+//                 Ordering::Relaxed,
-                Ordering::Relaxed,
+//                 Ordering::Relaxed,
-            ) {
+//             ) {
-                Ok(_) => break,
+//                 Ok(_) => break,
-                Err(x) => current_bits = x,
+//                 Err(x) => current_bits = x,
-            }
+//             }
-        }
+//         }
-    }
+//     }
-}
+// }

shared/src/utils/noise.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 use crate::Float;
 use crate::core::geometry::{Point3f, Vector3f, VectorLike};
 use crate::utils::math::{clamp, lerp, smooth_step};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 
 static NOISE_PERM_SIZE: usize = 256;
 static NOISE_PERM: [i32; 2 * NOISE_PERM_SIZE] = [

shared/src/utils/options.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-use crate::core::geometry::{Bounds2f, Bounds2i, Point2f, Point2i};
 use crate::Float;
-use std::ops::Deref;
+use crate::core::geometry::{Bounds2f, Bounds2i, Point2f, Point2i};
-use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use core::ops::Deref;
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub enum RenderingCoordinateSystem {
@@ -48,17 +47,17 @@ pub struct PBRTOptions {
     pub basic: BasicPBRTOptions,
 
     pub n_threads: usize,
-    pub log_level: String,
+    pub log_level: &'static str,
     pub write_partial_images: bool,
-    pub image_file: String,
+    pub image_file: &'static str,
     pub pixel_samples: Option<i32>,
     pub gpu_device: Option<u32>,
-    pub mse_reference_image: Option<String>,
+    pub mse_reference_image: Option<&'static str>,
-    pub mse_reference_output: Option<String>,
+    pub mse_reference_output: Option<&'static str>,
     pub debug_start: Option<(Point2i, i32)>,
     pub quick_render: bool,
     pub upgrade: bool,
-    pub display_server: String,
+    pub display_server: &'static str,
     pub crop_window: Option<Bounds2f>,
     pub pixel_bounds: Option<Bounds2i>,
     pub pixel_material: Option<Point2i>,
@@ -70,17 +69,17 @@ impl Default for PBRTOptions {
         Self {
             basic: BasicPBRTOptions::default(),
             n_threads: 0,
-            log_level: "info".to_string(),
+            log_level: "info",
             write_partial_images: false,
             pixel_samples: None,
             gpu_device: None,
             quick_render: false,
             upgrade: false,
-            image_file: "output.exr".to_string(),
+            image_file: "output.exr",
             mse_reference_image: None,
             mse_reference_output: None,
             debug_start: Some((Point2i::default(), 0)),
-            display_server: "".to_string(),
+            display_server: "",
             crop_window: None,
             pixel_bounds: None,
             pixel_material: None,
@@ -96,22 +95,3 @@ impl Deref for PBRTOptions {
         &self.basic
     }
 }
-
-static OPTIONS: OnceLock<PBRTOptions> = OnceLock::new();
-
-pub fn init_pbrt(options: PBRTOptions) {
-    OPTIONS
-        .set(options)
-        .expect("PBRT has already been initialized!");
-}
-
-pub fn cleanup_pbrt() {
-    todo!()
-}
-
-pub fn get_options() -> &'static PBRTOptions {
-    OPTIONS.get().unwrap_or_else(|| {
-        static DEFAULT: OnceLock<PBRTOptions> = OnceLock::new();
-        DEFAULT.get_or_init(PBRTOptions::default)
-    })
-}

shared/src/utils/ptr.rs

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ impl<T: ?Sized> Copy for Ptr<T> {}
 
 impl<T: ?Sized> PartialEq for Ptr<T> {
     fn eq(&self, other: &Self) -> bool {
-        std::ptr::addr_eq(self.ptr, other.ptr)
+        core::ptr::addr_eq(self.ptr, other.ptr)
     }
 }
 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ unsafe impl<T: ?Sized + Sync> Sync for Ptr<T> {}
 impl<T> Ptr<T> {
     pub const fn null() -> Self {
         Self {
-            ptr: std::ptr::null(),
+            ptr: core::ptr::null(),
         }
     }
 
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ impl<T> Ptr<T> {
         if len == 0 {
             &[]
         } else {
-            unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, len) }
+            unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, len) }
         }
     }
 
@@ -101,12 +101,12 @@ impl<T> Ptr<T> {
         if self.is_null() {
             if len == 0 { Some(&[]) } else { None }
         } else {
-            Some(unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, len) })
+            Some(unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts(self.ptr, len) })
         }
     }
 }
 
-impl<T> std::ops::Deref for Ptr<T> {
+impl<T> core::ops::Deref for Ptr<T> {
     type Target = T;
 
     #[inline(always)]

shared/src/utils/quaternion.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-use std::ops::{Add, AddAssign, Div, DivAssign, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub, SubAssign};
+use core::ops::{Add, AddAssign, Div, DivAssign, Mul, MulAssign, Neg, Sub, SubAssign};
-use std::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
+use core::ops::{Index, IndexMut};
 
 use crate::core::geometry::{Vector3f, VectorLike};
 use crate::utils::math::{safe_asin, sinx_over_x};

shared/src/utils/sampling.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,6 @@
-use crate::check_rare;
 use crate::core::geometry::{
     Bounds2f, Frame, Point2f, Point2i, Point3f, Vector2f, Vector2i, Vector3f, VectorLike,
 };
-use crate::core::pbrt::{RARE_EVENT_CONDITION_MET, RARE_EVENT_TOTAL_CALLS};
 use crate::utils::containers::DeviceArray2D;
 use crate::utils::find_interval;
 use crate::utils::math::{
@@ -12,8 +10,12 @@ use crate::utils::math::{
 use crate::utils::ptr::Ptr;
 use crate::utils::rng::Rng;
 use crate::{Float, INV_2_PI, INV_4_PI, INV_PI, ONE_MINUS_EPSILON, PI, PI_OVER_2, PI_OVER_4};
+use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
 use num_traits::Num;
 
+#[cfg(feature = "cpu_debug")]
+use crate::{RARE_EVENT_CONDITION_MET, RARE_EVENT_TOTAL_CALLS, check_rare};
+
 pub fn linear_pdf<T>(x: T, a: T, b: T) -> T
 where
     T: Num + Copy + PartialOrd,
@@ -267,7 +269,7 @@ pub fn invert_spherical_rectangle_sample(
     let b0sq = square(b0) + square(b1);
 
     let solid_angle_f64: f64 =
-        g0 as f64 + g1 as f64 + g2 as f64 + g3 as f64 - 2. * std::f64::consts::PI;
+        g0 as f64 + g1 as f64 + g2 as f64 + g3 as f64 - 2. * core::f64::consts::PI;
     let solid_angle = solid_angle_f64 as Float;
 
     if solid_angle < 1e-3 {
@@ -289,6 +291,7 @@ pub fn invert_spherical_rectangle_sample(
     let invcusq = 1. + z0sq / square(xu);
     let fusq = invcusq - b0sq;
     let fu = fusq.sqrt().copysign(xu);
+    #[cfg(feature = "cpu_debug")]
     check_rare!(1e-6, fu == 0.);
     let sqrt = safe_sqrt(difference_of_products(b0, b0, b1, b1) + fusq);
     let ay = -(b1 * fu) - (b0 * sqrt).copysign(fu * b0);

shared/src/utils/transform.rs

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
+use core::iter::{Product, Sum};
+use core::ops::{Add, Div, Index, IndexMut, Mul};
 use num_traits::Float as NumFloat;
-use std::iter::{Product, Sum};
-use std::ops::{Add, Div, Index, IndexMut, Mul};
-use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use super::math::{SquareMatrix, radians, safe_acos};
 use super::quaternion::Quaternion;
@@ -13,8 +12,7 @@ use crate::core::geometry::{
 use crate::core::interaction::{
     Interaction, InteractionBase, InteractionTrait, MediumInteraction, SurfaceInteraction,
 };
-use crate::core::pbrt::{Float, gamma};
+use crate::{Float, gamma};
-use crate::utils::error::InversionError;
 
 #[repr(C)]
 #[derive(Debug, Copy, Clone)]
@@ -28,15 +26,15 @@ impl<T: NumFloat + Sum + Product> TransformGeneric<T> {
         Self { m, m_inv }
     }
 
-    pub fn from_matrix(m: SquareMatrix<T, 4>) -> Result<Self, InversionError> {
+    pub fn from_matrix(m: SquareMatrix<T, 4>) -> Option<Self> {
         let inv = m.inverse()?;
-        Ok(Self { m, m_inv: inv })
+        Some(Self { m, m_inv: inv })
     }
 
-    pub fn from_flat(flat: &[T; 16]) -> Result<Self, InversionError> {
+    pub fn from_flat(flat: &[T; 16]) -> Option<Self> {
         let m: SquareMatrix<T, 4> = SquareMatrix::from(flat);
         let inv = m.inverse()?;
-        Ok(Self { m, m_inv: inv })
+        Some(Self { m, m_inv: inv })
     }
 
     pub fn identity() -> Self {
@@ -444,11 +442,7 @@ impl TransformGeneric<Float> {
         Self { m, m_inv }
     }
 
-    pub fn perspective(
+    pub fn perspective(fov: Float, n: Float, f: Float) -> Option<TransformGeneric<Float>> {
-        fov: Float,
-        n: Float,
-        f: Float,
-    ) -> Result<TransformGeneric<Float>, InversionError> {
         let persp: SquareMatrix<Float, 4> = SquareMatrix::new([
             [1., 0., 0., 0.],
             [0., 1., 0., 0.],
@@ -457,7 +451,7 @@ impl TransformGeneric<Float> {
         ]);
         let inv_tan_ang = 1. / (radians(fov) / 2.).tan();
         let persp_transform = TransformGeneric::from_matrix(persp)?;
-        Ok(TransformGeneric::scale(inv_tan_ang, inv_tan_ang, 1.) * persp_transform)
+        Some(TransformGeneric::scale(inv_tan_ang, inv_tan_ang, 1.) * persp_transform)
     }
 
     pub fn orthographic(z_near: Float, z_far: Float) -> Self {
@@ -1971,11 +1965,11 @@ impl AnimatedTransform {
             (c1, c2, c3, c4, c5)
         } else {
             (
-                std::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
+                core::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
-                std::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
+                core::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
-                std::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
+                core::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
-                std::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
+                core::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
-                std::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
+                core::array::from_fn(|_| DerivativeTerm::default()),
             )
         };
         AnimatedTransform {
@@ -2093,7 +2087,7 @@ pub fn look_at(
     pos: impl Into<Point3f>,
     look: impl Into<Point3f>,
     up: impl Into<Point3f>,
-) -> Result<TransformGeneric<Float>, InversionError> {
+) -> Option<TransformGeneric<Float>> {
     let mut world_from_camera: SquareMatrix<Float, 4> = SquareMatrix::default();
     // Initialize fourth column of viewing matrix
     let pos: Point3f = pos.into();
@@ -2133,5 +2127,5 @@ pub fn look_at(
     world_from_camera[3][2] = 0.;
 
     let camera_from_world = world_from_camera.inverse()?;
-    Ok(TransformGeneric::new(camera_from_world, world_from_camera))
+    Some(TransformGeneric::new(camera_from_world, world_from_camera))
 }

src/cameras/mod.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub mod perspective;
+pub mod realistic;
+pub mod sherical;

src/cameras/realistic.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+use ash::vk::Image;
+use shared::cameras::{Mapping, RealisticCamera, realistic::LensElementInterface};
+
+struct RealisticCameraData {
+    aperture_image: Arc<Image>,
+    element_interfaces: Vec<LensElementInterface>,
+}
+
+pub struct RealisticCameraHost {
+    device: RealisticCamera,
+    data: RealisticCameraData,
+}
+
+impl RealisticCameraHost {
+    pub fn new(
+        base: CameraBase,
+        lens_params: &[Float],
+        focus_distance: Float,
+        set_aperture_diameter: Float,
+        aperture_image: Arc<Image>,
+    ) -> Self {
+        let film_ptr = base.film;
+        if film_ptr.is_null() {
+            panic!("Camera must have a film");
+        }
+        let film = &*film_ptr;
+
+        let aspect = film.full_resolution().x() as Float / film.full_resolution().y() as Float;
+        let diagonal = film.diagonal();
+        let x = (square(diagonal) / (1.0 + square(diagonal))).sqrt();
+        let y = x * aspect;
+        let physical_extent =
+            Bounds2f::from_points(Point2f::new(-x / 2., -y / 2.), Point2f::new(x / 2., y / 2.));
+        let mut element_interface: Vec<LensElementInterface> = Vec::new();
+
+        for i in (0..lens_params.len()).step_by(4) {
+            let curvature_radius = lens_params[i] / 1000.0;
+            let thickness = lens_params[i + 1] / 1000.0;
+            let eta = lens_params[i + 2];
+            let mut aperture_diameter = lens_params[i + 3] / 1000.0;
+
+            if curvature_radius == 0.0 {
+                aperture_diameter /= 1000.0;
+                if set_aperture_diameter > aperture_diameter {
+                    println!("Aperture is larger than possible")
+                } else {
+                    aperture_diameter = set_aperture_diameter;
+                }
+            }
+            let el_int = LensElementInterface {
+                curvature_radius,
+                thickness,
+                eta,
+                aperture_radius: aperture_diameter / 2.0,
+            };
+            element_interface.push(el_int);
+        }
+
+        let half_diag = film.diagonal() / 2.0;
+        let mut exit_pupil_bounds = [Bounds2f::default(); EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES];
+
+        for i in 0..EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES {
+            let r0 = (i as Float / EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES as Float) * half_diag;
+            let r1 = ((i + 1) as Float / EXIT_PUPIL_SAMPLES as Float) * half_diag;
+            exit_pupil_bounds[i] = Self::compute_exit_pupil_bounds(&element_interface, r0, r1);
+        }
+
+        let n_elements = element_interface.len();
+        let element_interfaces = element_interface.as_ptr();
+        std::mem::forget(element_interface);
+
+        let data = RealisticCameraData {
+            element_interfaces,
+            aperture_image,
+        };
+
+        let device = RealisticCamera {
+            base,
+            focus_distance,
+            element_interfaces: Ptr::from(element_interfaces),
+            n_elements,
+            physical_extent,
+            set_aperture_diameter,
+            aperture_image,
+            exit_pupil_bounds,
+        };
+
+        Self { device, data }
+    }
+}

src/core/camera.rs

@@ -34,9 +34,9 @@ impl CameraBaseParameters {
         medium: Arc<Medium>,
         params: &ParameterDictionary,
         loc: &FileLoc,
-    ) -> Self {
+    ) -> Result<Self> {
-        let mut shutter_open = params.get_one_float("shutteropen", 0.);
+        let mut shutter_open = params.get_one_float("shutteropen", 0.)?;
-        let mut shutter_close = params.get_one_float("shutterclose", 1.);
+        let mut shutter_close = params.get_one_float("shutterclose", 1.)?;
         if shutter_close < shutter_open {
             eprint!(
                 "{}: Shutter close time {} < shutter open {}. Swapping",
@@ -44,13 +44,14 @@ impl CameraBaseParameters {
             );
             std::mem::swap(&mut shutter_open, &mut shutter_close);
         }
-        CameraBaseParameters {
+
+        Ok(CameraBaseParameters {
             camera_transform: camera_transform.clone(),
             shutter_open,
             shutter_close,
             film,
             medium,
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 
@@ -120,14 +121,14 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
             "perspective" => {
                 let full_res = film.full_resolution();
                 let camera_params =
-                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc);
+                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc)?;
                 let base = CameraBase::create(camera_params);
-                let lens_radius = params.get_one_float("lensradius", 0.);
+                let lens_radius = params.get_one_float("lensradius", 0.)?;
-                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 1e6);
+                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 1e6)?;
                 let frame = params.get_one_float(
                     "frameaspectratio",
                     full_res.x() as Float / full_res.y() as Float,
-                );
+                )?;
 
                 let mut screen = if frame > 1. {
                     Bounds2f::from_points(Point2f::new(-frame, -1.), Point2f::new(frame, 1.))
@@ -138,7 +139,7 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
                     )
                 };
 
-                let sw = params.get_float_array("screenwindow");
+                let sw = params.get_float_array("screenwindow")?;
                 if !sw.is_empty() {
                     if get_options().fullscreen {
                         eprint!("Screenwindow is ignored in fullscreen mode");
@@ -157,7 +158,7 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
                     }
                 }
 
-                let fov = params.get_one_float("fov", 90.);
+                let fov = params.get_one_float("fov", 90.)?;
                 let camera = PerspectiveCamera::new(base, fov, screen, lens_radius, focal_distance);
                 arena.alloc(camera);
 
@@ -167,14 +168,14 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
             "orthographic" => {
                 let full_res = film.full_resolution();
                 let camera_params =
-                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc);
+                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc)?;
                 let base = CameraBase::create(camera_params);
-                let lens_radius = params.get_one_float("lensradius", 0.);
+                let lens_radius = params.get_one_float("lensradius", 0.)?;
-                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 1e6);
+                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 1e6)?;
                 let frame = params.get_one_float(
                     "frameaspectratio",
                     full_res.x() as Float / full_res.y() as Float,
-                );
+                )?;
 
                 let mut screen = if frame > 1. {
                     Bounds2f::from_points(Point2f::new(-frame, -1.), Point2f::new(frame, 1.))
@@ -185,7 +186,7 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
                     )
                 };
 
-                let sw = params.get_float_array("screenwindow");
+                let sw = params.get_float_array("screenwindow")?;
                 if !sw.is_empty() {
                     if get_options().fullscreen {
                         eprint!("Screenwindow is ignored in fullscreen mode");
@@ -209,11 +210,11 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
             }
             "realistic" => {
                 let camera_params =
-                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc);
+                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc)?;
                 let base = CameraBase::create(camera_params);
-                let aperture_diameter = params.get_one_float("aperturediameter", 1.);
+                let aperture_diameter = params.get_one_float("aperturediameter", 1.)?;
-                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 10.);
+                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 10.)?;
-                let lens_file = params.get_one_string("lensfile", "");
+                let lens_file = params.get_one_string("lensfile", "")?;
 
                 if lens_file.is_empty() {
                     return Err(anyhow!("{}: No lens file supplied", loc));
@@ -275,7 +276,7 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
                     image
                 };
 
-                let aperture_name = params.get_one_string("aperture", "");
+                let aperture_name = params.get_one_string("aperture", "")?;
                 let mut aperture_image: Option<Image> = None;
 
                 if !aperture_name.is_empty() {
@@ -389,44 +390,9 @@ impl CameraFactory for Camera {
             "spherical" => {
                 let full_res = film.full_resolution();
                 let camera_params =
-                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc);
+                    CameraBaseParameters::new(camera_transform, film, medium.into(), params, loc)?;
                 let base = CameraBase::create(camera_params);
-                let lens_radius = params.get_one_float("lensradius", 0.);
+                let m = params.get_one_string("mapping", "equalarea")?;
-                let focal_distance = params.get_one_float("focaldistance", 1e30);
-                let frame = params.get_one_float(
-                    "frameaspectratio",
-                    full_res.x() as Float / full_res.y() as Float,
-                );
-
-                let mut screen = if frame > 1. {
-                    Bounds2f::from_points(Point2f::new(-frame, -1.), Point2f::new(frame, 1.))
-                } else {
-                    Bounds2f::from_points(
-                        Point2f::new(-1., -1. / frame),
-                        Point2f::new(1., 1. / frame),
-                    )
-                };
-
-                let sw = params.get_float_array("screenwindow");
-                if !sw.is_empty() {
-                    if get_options().fullscreen {
-                        eprint!("Screenwindow is ignored in fullscreen mode");
-                    } else {
-                        if sw.len() == 4 {
-                            screen = Bounds2f::from_points(
-                                Point2f::new(sw[0], sw[2]),
-                                Point2f::new(sw[1], sw[3]),
-                            );
-                        } else {
-                            return Err(anyhow!(
-                                "{}: screenwindow param must have four values",
-                                loc
-                            ));
-                        }
-                    }
-                }
-
-                let m = params.get_one_string("mapping", "equalarea");
                 let mapping = match m.as_str() {
                     "equalarea" => Mapping::EqualArea,
                     "equirectangular" => Mapping::EquiRectangular,

src/core/film.rs

@@ -56,9 +56,9 @@ impl PixelSensor {
     where
         Self: Sized,
     {
-        let iso = params.get_one_float("iso", 100.);
+        let iso = params.get_one_float("iso", 100.)?;
-        let mut white_balance_temp = params.get_one_float("whitebalance", 0.);
+        let mut white_balance_temp = params.get_one_float("whitebalance", 0.)?;
-        let sensor_name = params.get_one_string("sensor", "cie1931");
+        let sensor_name = params.get_one_string("sensor", "cie1931")?;
         if sensor_name != "cie1931" && white_balance_temp == 0. {
             white_balance_temp = 6500.;
         }
@@ -238,7 +238,9 @@ pub trait CreateFilmBase {
         filter: Filter,
         sensor: Option<&DevicePixelSensor>,
         loc: &FileLoc,
-    ) -> Self;
+    ) -> Result<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
 }
 
 impl CreateFilmBase for FilmBase {
@@ -247,9 +249,12 @@ impl CreateFilmBase for FilmBase {
         filter: Filter,
         sensor: Option<&DevicePixelSensor>,
         loc: &FileLoc,
-    ) -> Self {
+    ) -> Result<Self>
-        let x_res = params.get_one_int("xresolution", 1280);
+    where
-        let y_res = params.get_one_int("yresolution", 720);
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let x_res = params.get_one_int("xresolution", 1280)?;
+        let y_res = params.get_one_int("yresolution", 720)?;
 
         if x_res <= 0 || y_res <= 0 {
             eprintln!(
@@ -259,7 +264,7 @@ impl CreateFilmBase for FilmBase {
         }
         let full_resolution = Point2i::new(x_res.max(1), y_res.max(1));
 
-        let crop_data = params.get_float_array("cropwindow");
+        let crop_data = params.get_float_array("cropwindow")?;
         let crop = if crop_data.len() == 4 {
             Bounds2f::from_points(
                 Point2f::new(crop_data[0], crop_data[2]),
@@ -288,16 +293,16 @@ impl CreateFilmBase for FilmBase {
         let expansion = Point2i::new(rad.x().ceil() as i32, rad.y().ceil() as i32);
         pixel_bounds = pixel_bounds.expand(expansion);
 
-        let diagonal_mm = params.get_one_float("diagonal", 35.0);
+        let diagonal_mm = params.get_one_float("diagonal", 35.0)?;
         // let filename = params.get_one_string("filename", "pbrt.exr");
 
-        Self {
+        Ok(Self {
             full_resolution,
             pixel_bounds,
             filter,
             diagonal: diagonal_mm * 0.001,
             sensor: Ptr::from(sensor.unwrap()),
-        }
+        })
     }
 }
 

src/core/filter.rs

@@ -2,53 +2,54 @@ use crate::filters::*;
 use crate::utils::containers::Array2D;
 use crate::utils::sampling::PiecewiseConstant2D;
 use crate::utils::{FileLoc, ParameterDictionary};
+use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
 use shared::Float;
 use shared::core::filter::{Filter, FilterSampler};
 use shared::core::geometry::{Bounds2f, Point2f, Vector2f};
 use shared::filters::*;
 
 pub trait FilterFactory {
-    fn create(name: &str, params: &ParameterDictionary, loc: &FileLoc) -> Result<Filter, String>;
+    fn create(name: &str, params: &ParameterDictionary, loc: &FileLoc) -> Result<Filter>;
 }
 
 impl FilterFactory for Filter {
-    fn create(name: &str, params: &ParameterDictionary, loc: &FileLoc) -> Result<Self, String> {
+    fn create(name: &str, params: &ParameterDictionary, loc: &FileLoc) -> Result<Self> {
         match name {
             "box" => {
-                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 0.5);
+                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 0.5)?;
-                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 0.5);
+                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 0.5)?;
                 let filter = BoxFilter::new(Vector2f::new(xw, yw));
                 Ok(Filter::Box(filter))
             }
             "gaussian" => {
-                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 1.5);
+                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 1.5)?;
-                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 1.5);
+                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 1.5)?;
-                let sigma = params.get_one_float("sigma", 0.5);
+                let sigma = params.get_one_float("sigma", 0.5)?;
                 let filter = GaussianFilter::new(Vector2f::new(xw, yw), sigma);
                 Ok(Filter::Gaussian(filter))
             }
             "mitchell" => {
-                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 2.);
+                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 2.)?;
-                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 2.);
+                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 2.)?;
-                let b = params.get_one_float("B", 1. / 3.);
+                let b = params.get_one_float("B", 1. / 3.)?;
-                let c = params.get_one_float("C", 1. / 3.);
+                let c = params.get_one_float("C", 1. / 3.)?;
                 let filter = MitchellFilter::new(Vector2f::new(xw, yw), b, c);
                 Ok(Filter::Mitchell(filter))
             }
             "sinc" => {
-                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 4.);
+                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 4.)?;
-                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 4.);
+                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 4.)?;
-                let tau = params.get_one_float("tau", 3.);
+                let tau = params.get_one_float("tau", 3.)?;
                 let filter = LanczosSincFilter::new(Vector2f::new(xw, yw), tau);
                 Ok(Filter::LanczosSinc(filter))
             }
             "triangle" => {
-                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 2.);
+                let xw = params.get_one_float("xradius", 2.)?;
-                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 2.);
+                let yw = params.get_one_float("yradius", 2.)?;
                 let filter = TriangleFilter::new(Vector2f::new(xw, yw));
                 Ok(Filter::Triangle(filter))
             }
-            _ => Err(format!("Film type '{}' unknown at {}", name, loc)),
+            _ => Err(anyhow!("Film type '{}' unknown at {}", name, loc)),
         }
     }
 }

src/core/interaction.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+use crate::globals::get_options;
+use shared::core::interaction::{
+    InteractionBase, InteractionTrait, MediumInteraction, SimpleInteraction, SurfaceInteraction,
+};
+
+pub trait InteractionGetter {
+    fn get_bsdf(
+        &mut self,
+        r: &Ray,
+        lambda: &SampledWavelengths,
+        camera: &Camera,
+        sampler: &mut Sampler,
+    ) -> Option<BSDF> {
+        self.compute_differentials(r, camera, sampler.samples_per_pixel() as i32);
+
+        let material = {
+            let root_mat = self.material;
+            let mut active_mat: &Material = &*root_mat;
+            let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
+            while let Material::Mix(mix) = active_mat {
+                // We need a context to evaluate the 'amount' texture
+                let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(&*self);
+                active_mat = mix.choose_material(&tex_eval, &ctx)?;
+            }
+            active_mat.clone()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(&*self);
+        let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
+        let displacement = material.get_displacement();
+        let normal_map = Ptr::from(material.get_normal_map().unwrap());
+        if !displacement.is_null() || !normal_map.is_null() {
+            // This calls the function defined above
+            self.compute_bump_geom(&tex_eval, displacement, normal_map);
+        }
+
+        let mut bsdf = material.get_bsdf(&tex_eval, &ctx, lambda);
+        if get_options().force_diffuse {
+            let r = bsdf.rho_wo(self.common.wo, &[sampler.get1d()], &[sampler.get2d()]);
+            let diff_bxdf = BxDF::Diffuse(DiffuseBxDF::new(r));
+            bsdf = BSDF::new(self.shading.n, self.shading.dpdu, Ptr::from(&diff_bxdf));
+        }
+        Some(bsdf)
+    }
+
+    fn get_bssrdf(
+        &self,
+        _ray: &Ray,
+        lambda: &SampledWavelengths,
+        _camera: &Camera,
+    ) -> Option<BSSRDF> {
+        let material = {
+            let mut active_mat = unsafe { self.material.as_ref() };
+            let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
+            while let Material::Mix(mix) = active_mat {
+                // We need a context to evaluate the 'amount' texture
+                let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(self);
+                active_mat = mix.choose_material(&tex_eval, &ctx)?;
+            }
+            active_mat.clone()
+        };
+
+        let ctx = MaterialEvalContext::from(self);
+        let tex_eval = UniversalTextureEvaluator;
+        material.get_bssrdf(&tex_eval, &ctx, lambda)
+    }
+}
+
+impl InteractionGetter for SurfaceInteraction {}
+impl InteractionGetter for MediumInteraction {}
+impl InteractionGetter for SimpleInteraction {}

src/core/mod.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ pub mod color;
 pub mod film;
 pub mod filter;
 pub mod image;
+pub mod interaction;
 pub mod light;
 pub mod material;
 pub mod medium;

src/core/scene/builder.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,8 @@ use crate::Arena;
 use crate::spectra::get_colorspace_device;
 use crate::utils::error::FileLoc;
 use crate::utils::normalize_utf8;
-use crate::utils::parameters::error_exit;
 use crate::utils::parameters::{ParameterDictionary, ParsedParameterVector};
-use crate::utils::parser::ParserTarget;
+use crate::utils::parser::{ParserError, ParserTarget};
 use shared::Float;
 use shared::core::camera::CameraTransform;
 use shared::core::geometry::Vector3f;
@@ -170,26 +169,50 @@ impl BasicSceneBuilder {
         }
     }
 
-    fn verify_world(&self, name: &str, loc: &FileLoc) {
+    fn verify_world(&self, name: &str, loc: &FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         if self.current_block != BlockState::WorldBlock {
-            log::error!("{}: {} not allowed outside WorldBlock", loc, name);
+            return Err(ParserError::Generic(
+                format!("{} not allowed outside WorldBlock", name),
+                loc.clone(),
+            ));
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn verify_options(&self, name: &str, loc: &FileLoc) {
+    fn verify_options(&self, name: &str, loc: &FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         if self.current_block != BlockState::OptionsBlock {
-            log::error!("{}: {} not allowed inside WorldBlock", loc, name);
+            return Err(ParserError::Generic(
+                format!("{} not allowed inside WorldBlock", name),
+                loc.clone(),
+            ));
         }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+
+    fn make_params(
+        &self,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: &FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<ParameterDictionary, ParserError> {
+        ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone())
+            .map_err(|e| ParserError::Generic(format!("parameter error: {}", e), loc.clone()))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<anyhow::Error> for ParserError {
+    fn from(e: anyhow::Error) -> Self {
+        ParserError::Generic(e.to_string(), FileLoc::default())
     }
 }
 
 impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
-    fn reverse_orientation(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn reverse_orientation(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        self.verify_world("ReverseOrientation", &loc);
+        self.verify_world("ReverseOrientation", &loc)?;
         self.graphics_state.reverse_orientation = !self.graphics_state.reverse_orientation;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn color_space(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn color_space(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let stdcs = get_colorspace_device();
         let _ = match stdcs.get_named(name) {
             Ok(cs) => {
@@ -199,25 +222,43 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
                 eprintln!("Error: Color space '{}' unknown at {}", name, loc);
             }
         };
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn identity(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn identity(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.for_active_transforms(|_| Transform::identity());
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn translate(&mut self, dx: Float, dy: Float, dz: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn translate(
+        &mut self,
+        dx: Float,
+        dy: Float,
+        dz: Float,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let t = Transform::translate(Vector3f::new(dx, dy, dz));
         self.for_active_transforms(|cur| cur * &t);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn rotate(&mut self, angle: Float, ax: Float, ay: Float, az: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn rotate(
+        &mut self,
+        angle: Float,
+        ax: Float,
+        ay: Float,
+        az: Float,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let t = Transform::rotate_around_axis(angle, Vector3f::new(ax, ay, az));
         self.for_active_transforms(|cur| cur * &t);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn scale(&mut self, sx: Float, sy: Float, sz: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn scale(&mut self, sx: Float, sy: Float, sz: Float, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let t = Transform::scale(sx, sy, sz);
         self.for_active_transforms(|cur| cur * &t);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn look_at(
@@ -232,7 +273,7 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
         uy: Float,
         uz: Float,
         loc: FileLoc,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let result = transform::look_at((ex, ey, ez), (lx, ly, lz), (ux, uy, uz));
         match result {
             Ok(t) => {
@@ -242,9 +283,10 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
                 eprintln!("Error: {} at {}", e, loc);
             }
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn concat_transform(&mut self, m: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn concat_transform(&mut self, m: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let result = Transform::from_flat(m);
         match result {
             Ok(t) => {
@@ -254,9 +296,10 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
                 eprintln!("Error: {} at {}", e, loc);
             }
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn transform(&mut self, m: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn transform(&mut self, m: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let result = Transform::from_flat(m);
         match result {
             Ok(t) => {
@@ -266,14 +309,16 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
                 eprintln!("Error: {} at {}", e, loc);
             }
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn coordinate_system(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn coordinate_system(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.named_coordinate_systems
             .insert(name.to_string(), self.graphics_state.ctm);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn coord_sys_transform(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn coord_sys_transform(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         if let Some(saved_ctm) = self.named_coordinate_systems.get(name) {
             self.graphics_state.ctm = *saved_ctm;
         } else {
@@ -282,10 +327,16 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
                 name, loc
             );
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn camera(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn camera(
-        self.verify_options("Camera", &loc);
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("Camera", &loc)?;
 
         let camera_from_world = self.graphics_state.ctm;
 
@@ -306,8 +357,7 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
             CameraTransform::from_world(animated_world_from_cam, rendering_space);
         self.render_from_world = camera_from_world.t[0];
 
-        let parameters =
+        let parameters = self.make_params(&params.clone(), &loc)?;
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
 
         self.current_camera = Some(CameraSceneEntity {
             base: SceneEntity {
@@ -319,85 +369,119 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
 
             medium: self.graphics_state.current_outside_medium.clone(),
         });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn active_transform_all(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn active_transform_all(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.graphics_state.active_transform_bits = Self::ALL_TRANSFORM_BITS;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn active_transform_end_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn active_transform_end_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.graphics_state.active_transform_bits = Self::END_TRANSFORM_BITS;
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn active_transform_start_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn active_transform_start_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.graphics_state.active_transform_bits = Self::START_TRANSFORM_BITS;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn transform_times(&mut self, start: Float, end: Float, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn transform_times(
-        self.verify_options("TransformTimes", &loc);
+        &mut self,
+        start: Float,
+        end: Float,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("TransformTimes", &loc)?;
         self.graphics_state.transform_start_time = start;
         self.graphics_state.transform_end_time = end;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn option(&mut self, _name: &str, _value: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn option(&mut self, _name: &str, _value: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         todo!()
     }
 
-    fn pixel_filter(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn pixel_filter(
-        let parameters =
+        &mut self,
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
+        name: &str,
-        self.verify_options("PixelFilter", &loc);
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("PixelFilter", &loc)?;
+        let parameters = self.make_params(params, &loc)?;
         self.current_filter = Some(SceneEntity {
             name: name.to_string(),
             loc,
             parameters,
         });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn film(&mut self, type_name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn film(
-        let parameters =
+        &mut self,
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
+        type_name: &str,
-        self.verify_options("Film", &loc);
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("Film", &loc)?;
+        let parameters = self.make_params(params, &loc)?;
         self.current_filter = Some(SceneEntity {
             name: type_name.to_string(),
             loc,
             parameters,
         });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn accelerator(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn accelerator(
-        let parameters =
+        &mut self,
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
+        name: &str,
-        self.verify_options("PixelFilter", &loc);
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
-        self.current_filter = Some(SceneEntity {
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("Accelerator", &loc)?;
+        let parameters = self.make_params(params, &loc)?;
+        self.current_accelerator = Some(SceneEntity {
             name: name.to_string(),
             loc,
             parameters,
         });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn integrator(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn integrator(
-        let parameters =
+        &mut self,
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
+        name: &str,
-        self.verify_options("PixelFilter", &loc);
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
-        self.current_filter = Some(SceneEntity {
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("Integrator", &loc)?;
+        let parameters = self.make_params(params, &loc)?;
+        self.current_integrator = Some(SceneEntity {
             name: name.to_string(),
             loc,
             parameters,
         });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn make_named_medium(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn make_named_medium(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_world("MakeNamedMaterial", &loc)?;
         let curr_name = normalize_utf8(name);
-        self.verify_world("MakeNamedMaterial", &loc);
 
         if !self.named_material_names.insert(curr_name.to_string()) {
-            eprintln!("Error: {}: named material '{}' redefined.", loc, name);
+            return Err(ParserError::Generic(
-            return;
+                format!("Named material '{}' redefined.", name),
+                loc,
+            ));
         }
-
+        let parameters = self.make_params(params, &loc)?;
-        let parameters =
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
-
         let entity = SceneEntity {
             name: name.to_string(),
             loc,
@@ -405,29 +489,41 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
         };
 
         self.scene.add_named_material(&curr_name, entity);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn medium_interface(&mut self, inside_name: &str, outside_name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn medium_interface(
+        &mut self,
+        inside_name: &str,
+        outside_name: &str,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let inside = normalize_utf8(inside_name);
         let outside = normalize_utf8(outside_name);
 
         self.graphics_state.current_inside_medium = inside;
         self.graphics_state.current_outside_medium = outside;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn sampler(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn sampler(
-        let parameters =
+        &mut self,
-            ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), self.graphics_state.color_space.clone());
+        name: &str,
-        self.verify_options("Sampler", &loc);
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        self.verify_options("Sampler", &loc)?;
+        let parameters = self.make_params(&params.clone(), &loc)?;
         self.current_sampler = Some(SceneEntity {
             name: name.to_string(),
             loc,
             parameters,
-        })
+        });
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn world_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc, arena: Arc<Arena>) {
+    fn world_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc, arena: Arc<Arena>) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        self.verify_options("WorldBegin", &loc);
+        self.verify_options("WorldBegin", &loc)?;
         self.current_block = BlockState::WorldBlock;
         for i in 0..MAX_TRANSFORMS {
             self.graphics_state.ctm[i] = Transform::default();
@@ -457,23 +553,24 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
                 .expect("Accelerator not set before WorldBegin"),
             arena,
         );
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn attribute_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn attribute_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        self.verify_world("AttributeBegin", &loc);
+        self.verify_world("AttributeBegin", &loc)?;
         self.pushed_graphics_states
             .push(self.graphics_state.clone());
         self.push_stack.push(('a', loc));
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn attribute_end(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn attribute_end(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        self.verify_world("AttributeEnd", &loc);
+        self.verify_world("AttributeEnd", &loc)?;
         if self.pushed_graphics_states.is_empty() {
-            log::error!(
+            return Err(ParserError::Generic(
-                "[{:?}] Unmatched AttributeEnd encountered. Ignoring it.",
+                "Unmatched AttributeEnd encountered".into(),
-                loc
+                loc,
-            );
+            ));
-            return;
         }
 
         if let Some(state) = self.pushed_graphics_states.pop() {
@@ -482,19 +579,24 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
 
         if let Some((kind, start_loc)) = self.push_stack.pop() {
             if kind == 'o' {
-                log::error!(
+                return Err(ParserError::Generic(
-                    "[{:?}] Mismatched nesting: open ObjectBegin from {} at AttributeEnd",
+                    format!("Mismatched nesting: open ObjectBegin from {}", start_loc),
                     loc,
-                    start_loc
+                ));
-                );
-                std::process::exit(1);
             } else {
                 debug_assert_eq!(kind, 'a', "Expected AttributeBegin on the stack");
             }
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn attribute(&mut self, target: &str, params: ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn attribute(
+        &mut self,
+        target: &str,
+        params: ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let current_attributes = match target {
             "shape" => &mut self.graphics_state.shape_attributes,
             "light" => &mut self.graphics_state.light_attributes,
@@ -502,13 +604,14 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
             "medium" => &mut self.graphics_state.medium_attributes,
             "texture" => &mut self.graphics_state.texture_attributes,
             _ => {
-                log::error!(
+                return Err(ParserError::Generic(
-                    "[{:?}] Unknown attribute target \"{}\". Must be \"shape\", \"light\", \
+                    format!(
+                        "Unknown attribute target \"{}\". Must be \"shape\", \"light\", \
                 \"material\", \"medium\", or \"texture\".",
-                    loc,
                         target
-                );
+                    ),
-                return;
+                    loc,
+                ));
             }
         };
 
@@ -520,6 +623,7 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
 
             current_attributes.push(p.clone());
         }
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn texture(
@@ -530,23 +634,23 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
         params: &ParsedParameterVector,
         loc: FileLoc,
         arena: Arc<Arena>,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         let name = normalize_utf8(orig_name);
         self.verify_world("Texture", &loc);
         let dict = ParameterDictionary::from_array(
             params.clone(),
             &self.graphics_state.texture_attributes,
             self.graphics_state.color_space.clone(),
-        );
+        )?;
 
         if type_name != "float" && type_name != "spectrum" {
-            error_exit(
+            return Err(ParserError::Generic(
-                Some(&loc),
+                format!(
-                &format!(
                     "{}: texture type unknown. Must be \"float\" or \"spectrum\".",
                     tex_name
                 ),
-            );
+                loc,
+            ));
         }
 
         {
@@ -557,7 +661,10 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
             };
 
             if names.contains(&name) {
-                error_exit(Some(&loc), &format!("Redefining texture \"{}\".", name));
+                return Err(ParserError::Generic(
+                    format!("Redefining texture \"{}\".", name),
+                    loc,
+                ));
             }
             names.insert(name.to_string());
         }
@@ -579,42 +686,74 @@ impl ParserTarget for BasicSceneBuilder {
             self.scene
                 .add_spectrum_texture(name.to_string(), entity, arena);
         }
+
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn material(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn material(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.verify_world("material", &loc);
         let entity = SceneEntity {
             name: name.to_string(),
             loc,
-            parameters: ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), None),
+            parameters: ParameterDictionary::new(params.clone(), None).unwrap(),
         };
         self.graphics_state.current_material_name = self.scene.add_material(entity).to_string();
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn make_named_material(&mut self, _name: &str, _params: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn make_named_material(
+        &mut self,
+        _name: &str,
+        _params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         todo!()
     }
-    fn named_material(&mut self, _name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+
+    fn named_material(&mut self, _name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         todo!()
     }
-    fn light_source(&mut self, _name: &str, _params: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {
+
-        todo!()
+    fn light_source(
+        &mut self,
+        _name: &str,
+        _params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn area_light_source(&mut self, _name: &str, _params: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {
+
-        todo!()
+    fn area_light_source(
+        &mut self,
+        _name: &str,
+        _params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn shape(&mut self, _name: &str, _params: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {
+
-        todo!()
+    fn shape(
+        &mut self,
+        _name: &str,
+        _params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn object_begin(&mut self, _name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn object_begin(&mut self, _name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        todo!()
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn object_end(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn object_end(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        todo!()
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn object_instance(&mut self, _name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn object_instance(&mut self, _name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        todo!()
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn end_of_files(&mut self) {
+    fn end_of_files(&mut self) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        todo!()
+        Ok(())
     }
 }

src/core/scene/scene.rs

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use crate::utils::parallel::{AsyncJob, run_async};
 use crate::utils::parameters::{NamedTextures, ParameterDictionary, TextureParameterDictionary};
 use crate::utils::{Upload, resolve_filename};
 use crate::{Arena, FileLoc};
+use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
 use parking_lot::Mutex;
 use rayon::prelude::*;
 use shared::core::camera::Camera;
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
         integ: SceneEntity,
         accel: SceneEntity,
         arena: Arc<Arena>,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<()> {
         *self.integrator.lock() = Some(integ);
         *self.accelerator.lock() = Some(accel);
 
@@ -118,9 +119,10 @@ impl BasicScene {
             *self.film_colorspace.lock() = Some(Arc::clone(cs));
         }
 
-        let filt = Filter::create(&filter.name, &filter.parameters, &filter.loc);
+        let filter = Filter::create(&filter.name, &filter.parameters, &filter.loc)
-        let shutter_close = camera.base.parameters.get_one_float("shutterclose", 1.);
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to create filter: {}", e))?;
-        let shutter_open = camera.base.parameters.get_one_float("shutteropen", 0.);
+        let shutter_close = camera.base.parameters.get_one_float("shutterclose", 1.)?;
+        let shutter_open = camera.base.parameters.get_one_float("shutteropen", 0.)?;
         let exposure_time = shutter_close - shutter_open;
 
         let film_instance = Arc::new(
@@ -128,12 +130,12 @@ impl BasicScene {
                 &film.name,
                 &film.parameters,
                 exposure_time,
-                filt.expect("Must have a filter"),
+                filter,
                 Some(camera.camera_transform.clone()),
                 &film.loc,
                 &arena,
             )
-            .expect("Must have a film"),
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to create film: {}", e))?,
         );
 
         *self.film_state.lock() = SingletonState {
@@ -152,7 +154,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
                 &sampler.loc,
                 &arena_sampler,
             )
-            .expect("Sampler was not correctly created")
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to create sampler: {}", e))
         });
         self.sampler_state.lock().job = Some(sampler_job);
 
@@ -170,9 +172,10 @@ impl BasicScene {
                 &camera.base.loc,
                 &arena_camera,
             )
-            .expect("Failed to create camera")
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Failed to create camera: {}", e))
         });
         self.camera_state.lock().job = Some(camera_job);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn add_named_material(&self, name: &str, material: SceneEntity) {
@@ -196,7 +199,8 @@ impl BasicScene {
         get_serial: impl FnOnce(&mut TextureState) -> &mut Vec<(String, TextureSceneEntity)>,
         get_jobs: impl FnOnce(&mut TextureState) -> &mut HashMap<String, AsyncJob<Arc<T>>>,
         create_fn: F,
-    ) where
+    ) -> Result<()>
+    where
         T: Send + Sync + 'static,
         F: FnOnce(TextureSceneEntity) -> T + Send + 'static,
     {
@@ -209,23 +213,24 @@ impl BasicScene {
 
         if texture.base.name != "imagemap" && texture.base.name != "ptex" {
             get_serial(state).push((name, texture));
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
-        let filename = resolve_filename(&texture.base.parameters.get_one_string("filename", ""));
+        let filename = resolve_filename(&texture.base.parameters.get_one_string("filename", "")?);
         if !self.validate_texture_file(&filename, &texture.base.loc, &mut state.n_missing_textures)
         {
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         if state.loading_texture_filenames.contains(&filename) {
             get_serial(state).push((name, texture));
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         state.loading_texture_filenames.insert(filename);
         let job = run_async(move || Arc::new(create_fn(texture)));
         get_jobs(state).insert(name, job);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn validate_texture_file(&self, filename: &str, loc: &FileLoc, n_missing: &mut usize) -> bool {
@@ -245,7 +250,12 @@ impl BasicScene {
         true
     }
 
-    pub fn add_float_texture(&self, name: String, texture: TextureSceneEntity, arena: Arc<Arena>) {
+    pub fn add_float_texture(
+        &self,
+        name: String,
+        texture: TextureSceneEntity,
+        arena: Arc<Arena>,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut state = self.texture_state.lock();
         self.add_texture_generic(
             name,
@@ -265,7 +275,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
                 )
                 .expect("Could not create Float texture")
             },
-        );
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn add_spectrum_texture(
@@ -273,7 +283,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
         name: String,
         texture: TextureSceneEntity,
         arena: Arc<Arena>,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<()> {
         let mut state = self.texture_state.lock();
         self.add_texture_generic(
             name,
@@ -294,7 +304,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
                 )
                 .expect("Could not create spectrum texture")
             },
-        );
+        )
     }
 
     pub fn add_area_light(&self, light: SceneEntity) -> usize {
@@ -378,16 +388,25 @@ impl BasicScene {
         named
     }
 
+    // Assuming that we can carry on if a material is missing.
+    // This might be a bad idea, but testing it for now (2026/02/19)
     pub fn create_materials(
         &self,
         textures: &NamedTextures,
         arena: &mut Arena,
-    ) -> (HashMap<String, Material>, Vec<Material>) {
+    ) -> Result<(HashMap<String, Material>, Vec<Material>)> {
         let mut state = self.material_state.lock();
 
         let finished: Vec<_> = state.normal_map_jobs.drain().collect();
         for (filename, job) in finished {
-            state.normal_maps.insert(filename, job.wait());
+            match std::panic::catch_unwind(|| job.wait()) {
+                Ok(img) => {
+                    state.normal_maps.insert(filename, img);
+                }
+                Err(_) => {
+                    log::error!("Failed to load normal map: {}", filename);
+                }
+            }
         }
 
         let mut named_materials: HashMap<String, Material> = HashMap::new();
@@ -402,39 +421,46 @@ impl BasicScene {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let mat_type = entity.parameters.get_one_string("type", "");
+            let mat_type = entity.parameters.get_one_string("type", "")?;
             if mat_type.is_empty() {
-                log::error!(
+                log::error!("{}: missing material type", entity.loc);
-                    "{}: \"string type\" not provided in named material's parameters.",
-                    entity.loc
-                );
                 continue;
             }
 
-            let normal_map = self.get_normal_map(&state, &entity.parameters);
+            let normal_map = self.get_normal_map(&state, &entity.parameters)?;
             let tex_dict = TextureParameterDictionary::new(
                 Arc::new(entity.parameters.clone()),
                 Some(textures),
             );
 
-            let mat = Material::create(
+            match Material::create(
                 &mat_type,
                 &tex_dict,
                 normal_map,
-                &named_materials, // Reference for now
+                &named_materials,
                 entity.loc.clone(),
                 arena,
-            )
+            ) {
-            .expect("Could not create material");
+                Ok(mat) => {
-
                     named_materials.insert(name.clone(), mat);
                 }
+                Err(e) => {
+                    log::error!(
+                        "{}: Failed to create material '{}': {}",
+                        entity.loc,
+                        name,
+                        e
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+        }
 
         let materials: Vec<Material> = state
             .materials
             .iter()
-            .map(|entity| {
+            .filter_map(|entity| {
-                let normal_map = self.get_normal_map(&state, &entity.parameters);
+                let result: Result<Material> = (|| {
+                    let normal_map = self.get_normal_map(&state, &entity.parameters)?;
                     let tex_dict = TextureParameterDictionary::new(
                         entity.parameters.clone().into(),
                         Some(textures),
@@ -448,11 +474,19 @@ impl BasicScene {
                         entity.loc.clone(),
                         arena,
                     )
-                .expect("Could not create material")
+                })();
+
+                match result {
+                    Ok(mat) => Some(mat),
+                    Err(e) => {
+                        log::error!("{}: Failed to create material: {}", entity.loc, e);
+                        None
+                    }
+                }
             })
             .collect();
 
-        (named_materials, materials)
+        Ok((named_materials, materials))
     }
 
     pub fn create_aggregate(
@@ -499,7 +533,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
     ) -> Vec<Vec<Shape>> {
         entities
             .par_iter()
-            .map(|sh| {
+            .filter_map(|sh| {
                 Shape::create(
                     &sh.base.name,
                     *sh.render_from_object.as_ref(),
@@ -510,7 +544,7 @@ impl BasicScene {
                     sh.base.loc.clone(),
                     arena,
                 )
-                .expect("Could not create shape")
+                .ok()
             })
             .collect()
     }
@@ -621,56 +655,57 @@ impl BasicScene {
         Vec::new()
     }
 
-    // ========================================================================
     // Getters
-    // ========================================================================
 
-    pub fn get_camera(&self) -> Arc<Camera> {
+    pub fn get_camera(&self) -> Result<Arc<Camera>> {
         self.get_singleton(&self.camera_state, "Camera")
     }
 
-    pub fn get_sampler(&self) -> Arc<Sampler> {
+    pub fn get_sampler(&self) -> Result<Arc<Sampler>> {
         self.get_singleton(&self.sampler_state, "Sampler")
     }
 
-    pub fn get_film(&self) -> Arc<Film> {
+    pub fn get_film(&self) -> Result<Arc<Film>> {
         self.get_singleton(&self.film_state, "Film")
     }
 
-    // ========================================================================
     // Helpers
-    // ========================================================================
 
     fn get_singleton<T: Send + 'static>(
         &self,
         state: &Mutex<SingletonState<T>>,
         name: &str,
-    ) -> Arc<T> {
+    ) -> Result<Arc<T>> {
         let mut guard = state.lock();
 
         if let Some(ref res) = guard.result {
-            return res.clone();
+            return Ok(res.clone());
         }
 
         if let Some(job) = guard.job.take() {
-            let res = Arc::new(job.wait());
+            let val = job.wait()?;
+            let res = Arc::new(val);
             guard.result = Some(res.clone());
-            return res;
+            return Ok(res);
         }
 
-        panic!("{} requested but not initialized!", name);
+        Err(anyhow!("{} requested but not initialized!", name))
     }
 
-    fn start_loading_normal_maps(&self, state: &mut MaterialState, params: &ParameterDictionary) {
+    fn start_loading_normal_maps(
-        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("normalmap", ""));
+        &self,
+        state: &mut MaterialState,
+        params: &ParameterDictionary,
+    ) -> Result<()> {
+        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("normalmap", "")?);
         if filename.is_empty() {
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         if state.normal_map_jobs.contains_key(&filename)
             || state.normal_maps.contains_key(&filename)
         {
-            return;
+            return Ok(());
         }
 
         let filename_clone = filename.clone();
@@ -693,18 +728,19 @@ impl BasicScene {
         });
 
         state.normal_map_jobs.insert(filename, job);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn get_normal_map(
         &self,
         state: &MaterialState,
         params: &ParameterDictionary,
-    ) -> Option<Arc<Image>> {
+    ) -> Result<Option<Arc<Image>>> {
-        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("normalmap", ""));
+        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("normalmap", "")?);
         if filename.is_empty() {
-            return None;
+            return Ok(None);
         }
-        state.normal_maps.get(&filename).cloned()
+        Ok(state.normal_maps.get(&filename).cloned())
     }
 
     fn get_alpha_texture(

src/core/scene/state.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ use super::{SceneEntity, TextureSceneEntity};
 use crate::core::image::Image;
 use crate::core::texture::{FloatTexture, SpectrumTexture};
 use crate::utils::parallel::AsyncJob;
+use anyhow::Result;
 use shared::core::light::Light;
 use shared::core::medium::Medium;
 use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ pub struct MediaState {
 #[derive(Debug)]
 pub struct SingletonState<T> {
     pub result: Option<Arc<T>>,
-    pub job: Option<AsyncJob<T>>,
+    pub job: Option<AsyncJob<Result<T>>>,
 }
 
 impl<T> Default for SingletonState<T> {

src/core/texture.rs

@@ -165,7 +165,9 @@ pub trait CreateTextureMapping {
         params: &TextureParameterDictionary,
         render_from_texture: &Transform,
         loc: &FileLoc,
-    ) -> Self;
+    ) -> Result<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized;
 }
 
 impl CreateTextureMapping for TextureMapping2D {
@@ -173,36 +175,39 @@ impl CreateTextureMapping for TextureMapping2D {
         params: &TextureParameterDictionary,
         render_from_texture: &Transform,
         loc: &FileLoc,
-    ) -> Self {
+    ) -> Result<Self>
-        let mtype = params.get_one_string("mapping", "uv");
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let mtype = params.get_one_string("mapping", "uv")?;
         match mtype.as_str() {
             "uv" => {
-                let su = params.get_one_float("uscale", 1.);
+                let su = params.get_one_float("uscale", 1.)?;
-                let sv = params.get_one_float("vscale", 1.);
+                let sv = params.get_one_float("vscale", 1.)?;
-                let du = params.get_one_float("udelta", 0.);
+                let du = params.get_one_float("udelta", 0.)?;
-                let dv = params.get_one_float("vdelta", 0.);
+                let dv = params.get_one_float("vdelta", 0.)?;
                 let mapping = UVMapping::new(su, sv, du, dv);
-                TextureMapping2D::UV(mapping)
+                Ok(TextureMapping2D::UV(mapping))
             }
             "spherical" => {
                 let mapping = SphericalMapping::new(&render_from_texture.inverse());
-                TextureMapping2D::Spherical(mapping)
+                Ok(TextureMapping2D::Spherical(mapping))
             }
             "cylindrical" => {
                 let mapping = CylindricalMapping::new(&render_from_texture.inverse());
-                TextureMapping2D::Cylindrical(mapping)
+                Ok(TextureMapping2D::Cylindrical(mapping))
             }
             "planar" => {
-                let vs = params.get_one_vector3f("v1", Vector3f::new(1., 0., 0.));
+                let vs = params.get_one_vector3f("v1", Vector3f::new(1., 0., 0.))?;
-                let vt = params.get_one_vector3f("v2", Vector3f::new(0., 1., 0.));
+                let vt = params.get_one_vector3f("v2", Vector3f::new(0., 1., 0.))?;
-                let ds = params.get_one_float("udelta", 0.);
+                let ds = params.get_one_float("udelta", 0.)?;
-                let dt = params.get_one_float("vdelta", 0.);
+                let dt = params.get_one_float("vdelta", 0.)?;
                 let mapping = PlanarMapping::new(&render_from_texture.inverse(), vs, vt, ds, dt);
-                TextureMapping2D::Planar(mapping)
+                Ok(TextureMapping2D::Planar(mapping))
             }
             _ => {
                 log::error!("{}: 2D texture mapping unknown {}", loc, mtype);
-                TextureMapping2D::UV(UVMapping::default())
+                Ok(TextureMapping2D::UV(UVMapping::default()))
             }
         }
     }

src/films/gbuffer.rs

@@ -57,17 +57,17 @@ impl CreateFilm for GBufferFilm {
         _arena: &Arena,
     ) -> Result<Film> {
         let colorspace = params.color_space.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let max_component_value = params.get_one_float("maxcomponentvalue", Float::INFINITY);
+        let max_component_value = params.get_one_float("maxcomponentvalue", Float::INFINITY)?;
-        let write_fp16 = params.get_one_bool("savefp16", true);
+        let write_fp16 = params.get_one_bool("savefp16", true)?;
         let sensor = PixelSensor::create(params, colorspace.clone(), exposure_time, loc)?;
-        let film_base = FilmBase::create(params, filter, Some(&sensor.device()), loc);
+        let film_base = FilmBase::create(params, filter, Some(&sensor.device()), loc)?;
 
-        let filename = params.get_one_string("filename", "pbrt.exr");
+        let filename = params.get_one_string("filename", "pbrt.exr")?;
         if Path::new(&filename).extension() != Some("exr".as_ref()) {
             return Err(anyhow!("{}: EXR is the only format supported by GBufferFilm", loc).into());
         }
 
-        let coords_system = params.get_one_string("coordinatesystem", "camera");
+        let coords_system = params.get_one_string("coordinatesystem", "camera")?;
         let mut apply_inverse = false;
         let camera_transform =
             camera_transform.ok_or_else(|| anyhow!("GBufferFilm requires a camera_transform"))?;

src/films/rgb.rs

@@ -70,10 +70,10 @@ impl CreateFilm for RGBFilm {
         _arena: &Arena,
     ) -> Result<Film> {
         let colorspace = params.color_space.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let max_component_value = params.get_one_float("maxcomponentvalue", Float::INFINITY);
+        let max_component_value = params.get_one_float("maxcomponentvalue", Float::INFINITY)?;
-        let write_fp16 = params.get_one_bool("savefp16", true);
+        let write_fp16 = params.get_one_bool("savefp16", true)?;
         let sensor = PixelSensor::create(params, colorspace.clone(), exposure_time, loc)?;
-        let film_base = FilmBase::create(params, filter, Some(&sensor.device()), loc);
+        let film_base = FilmBase::create(params, filter, Some(&sensor.device()), loc)?;
         let film = RGBFilmHost::new(film_base, &colorspace, max_component_value, write_fp16);
         Ok(Film::RGB(film.device))
     }

src/films/spectral.rs

@@ -97,19 +97,19 @@ impl CreateFilm for SpectralFilm {
         _arena: &Arena,
     ) -> Result<Film> {
         let colorspace = params.color_space.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let max_component_value = params.get_one_float("maxcomponentvalue", Float::INFINITY);
+        let max_component_value = params.get_one_float("maxcomponentvalue", Float::INFINITY)?;
-        let write_fp16 = params.get_one_bool("savefp16", true);
+        let write_fp16 = params.get_one_bool("savefp16", true)?;
         let sensor = PixelSensor::create(params, colorspace.clone(), exposure_time, loc)?;
-        let film_base = FilmBase::create(params, filter, Some(&sensor.device()), loc);
+        let film_base = FilmBase::create(params, filter, Some(&sensor.device()), loc)?;
 
-        let filename = params.get_one_string("filename", "pbrt.exr");
+        let filename = params.get_one_string("filename", "pbrt.exr")?;
         if Path::new(&filename).extension() != Some("exr".as_ref()) {
             return Err(anyhow!("{}: EXR is the only format supported by GBufferFilm", loc).into());
         }
 
-        let n_buckets = params.get_one_int("nbuckets", 16) as usize;
+        let n_buckets = params.get_one_int("nbuckets", 16)? as usize;
-        let lambda_min = params.get_one_float("lambdamin", LAMBDA_MIN as Float);
+        let lambda_min = params.get_one_float("lambdamin", LAMBDA_MIN as Float)?;
-        let lambda_max = params.get_one_float("lambdamin", LAMBDA_MAX as Float);
+        let lambda_max = params.get_one_float("lambdamin", LAMBDA_MAX as Float)?;
         if lambda_min < LAMBDA_MIN as Float && lambda_max > LAMBDA_MAX as Float {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "{}: PBRT must be recompiled with different values of LAMBDA_MIN and LAMBDA_MAX",

src/filters/lanczos.rs

@@ -15,10 +15,32 @@ impl LanczosFilterCreator for LanczosSincFilter {
             windowed_sinc(p.x(), radius.x(), tau) * windowed_sinc(p.y(), radius.y(), tau)
         });
 
+        let sqrt_samples = 64;
+        let n_samples = sqrt_samples * sqrt_samples;
+        let area = (2.0 * self.radius.x()) * (2.0 * self.radius.y());
+        let mut sum = 0.0;
+        let mut rng = rand::rng();
+
+        for y in 0..sqrt_samples {
+            for x in 0..sqrt_samples {
+                let u = Point2f::new(
+                    (x as Float + rng.random::<Float>()) / sqrt_samples as Float,
+                    (y as Float + rng.random::<Float>()) / sqrt_samples as Float,
+                );
+                let p = Point2f::new(
+                    lerp(u.x(), -self.radius.x(), self.radius.x()),
+                    lerp(u.y(), -self.radius.y(), self.radius.y()),
+                );
+                sum += self.evaluate(p);
+            }
+        }
+        let integral = sum / n_samples as Float * area;
+
         Self {
             radius,
             tau,
             sampler,
+            integral,
         }
     }
 }

src/globals.rs

@@ -2,6 +2,23 @@ use crate::core::color::RGBToSpectrumTableData;
 use bytemuck::cast_slice;
 use once_cell::sync::Lazy;
 use shared::Float;
+use shared::PBRTOptions;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+
+static OPTIONS: OnceLock<PBRTOptions> = OnceLock::new();
+
+pub fn init_pbrt(options: PBRTOptions) {
+    OPTIONS
+        .set(options)
+        .expect("PBRT has already been initialized!");
+}
+
+pub fn get_options() -> &'static PBRTOptions {
+    OPTIONS.get().unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        static DEFAULT: OnceLock<PBRTOptions> = OnceLock::new();
+        DEFAULT.get_or_init(PBRTOptions::default)
+    })
+}
 
 static SRGB_SCALE_BYTES: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../data/srgb_scale.dat");
 static SRGB_COEFFS_BYTES: &[u8] = include_bytes!("../data/srgb_coeffs.dat");

src/lib.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+#![feature(f16)]
 #[allow(dead_code)]
+pub mod cameras;
 pub mod core;
 pub mod films;
 pub mod filters;

src/lights/diffuse.rs

@@ -114,10 +114,10 @@ impl CreateLight for DiffuseAreaLight {
     ) -> Result<Light> {
         let mut l = params.get_one_spectrum("l", None, SpectrumType::Illuminant);
         let illum_spec = Spectrum::Dense(colorspace.unwrap().illuminant);
-        let mut scale = params.get_one_float("scale", 1.);
+        let mut scale = params.get_one_float("scale", 1.)?;
-        let two_sided = params.get_one_bool("twosided", false);
+        let two_sided = params.get_one_bool("twosided", false)?;
 
-        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("filename", ""));
+        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("filename", "")?);
         let (image, image_color_space) = if !filename.is_empty() {
             if l.is_some() {
                 return Err(anyhow!("{}: both \"L\" and \"filename\" specified", loc));
@@ -151,7 +151,7 @@ impl CreateLight for DiffuseAreaLight {
         let l_for_scale = l.as_ref().unwrap_or(&illum_spec);
         scale /= spectrum_to_photometric(*l_for_scale);
 
-        let phi_v = params.get_one_float("power", -1.0);
+        let phi_v = params.get_one_float("power", -1.0)?;
         if phi_v > 0.0 {
             // k_e is the emissive power of the light as defined by the spectral
             // distribution and texture and is used to normalize the emitted

src/lights/distant.rs

@@ -54,10 +54,10 @@ impl CreateLight for DistantLight {
                 SpectrumType::Illuminant,
             )
             .unwrap();
-        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.);
+        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.)?;
 
-        let from = parameters.get_one_point3f("from", Point3f::new(0., 0., 0.));
+        let from = parameters.get_one_point3f("from", Point3f::new(0., 0., 0.))?;
-        let to = parameters.get_one_point3f("to", Point3f::new(0., 0., 1.));
+        let to = parameters.get_one_point3f("to", Point3f::new(0., 0., 1.))?;
         let w = (from - to).normalize();
         let (v1, v2) = w.coordinate_system();
         let m: [Float; 16] = [
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ impl CreateLight for DistantLight {
         let final_render = render_from_light * t;
         scale /= spectrum_to_photometric(l);
         // Adjust scale to meet target illuminance value
-        let e_v = parameters.get_one_float("illuminance", -1.);
+        let e_v = parameters.get_one_float("illuminance", -1.)?;
         if e_v > 0. {
             scale *= e_v;
         }

src/lights/goniometric.rs

@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ impl CreateLight for GoniometricLight {
                 SpectrumType::Illuminant,
             )
             .expect("Could not retrieve spectrum");
-        let mut scale = params.get_one_float("scale", 1.);
+        let mut scale = params.get_one_float("scale", 1.)?;
-        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("filename", ""));
+        let filename = resolve_filename(&params.get_one_string("filename", "")?);
         let image: Ptr<Image> = if filename.is_empty() {
             Ptr::null()
         } else {
@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ impl CreateLight for GoniometricLight {
         };
 
         scale /= spectrum_to_photometric(i);
-        let phi_v = params.get_one_float("power", -1.0);
+        let phi_v = params.get_one_float("power", -1.0)?;
 
         if phi_v > 0.0 {
             let k_e = compute_emissive_power(&image);

src/lights/infinite.rs

@@ -132,10 +132,10 @@ pub fn create(
     arena: &Arena,
 ) -> Result<Light> {
     let l = parameters.get_spectrum_array("L", SpectrumType::Illuminant);
-    let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.0);
+    let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.0)?;
-    let portal = parameters.get_point3f_array("portal");
+    let portal = parameters.get_point3f_array("portal")?;
-    let filename = resolve_filename(&parameters.get_one_string("filename", ""));
+    let filename = resolve_filename(&parameters.get_one_string("filename", "")?);
-    let e_v = parameters.get_one_float("illuminance", -1.0);
+    let e_v = parameters.get_one_float("illuminance", -1.0)?;
 
     let has_spectrum = !l.is_empty();
     let has_file = !filename.is_empty();

src/lights/point.rs

@@ -60,15 +60,15 @@ impl CreateLight for PointLight {
                 SpectrumType::Illuminant,
             )
             .unwrap();
-        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.);
+        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.)?;
         scale /= spectrum_to_photometric(l);
-        let phi_v = parameters.get_one_float("power", 1.);
+        let phi_v = parameters.get_one_float("power", 1.)?;
         if phi_v > 0. {
             let k_e = 4. * PI;
             scale *= phi_v / k_e;
         }
 
-        let from = parameters.get_one_point3f("from", Point3f::zero());
+        let from = parameters.get_one_point3f("from", Point3f::zero())?;
         let tf = Transform::translate(from.into());
         let final_render = render_from_light * tf;
         let specific = PointLight::new(final_render, medium.into(), l, scale);

src/lights/projection.rs

@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ impl CreateLight for ProjectionLight {
         _colorspace: Option<&RGBColorSpace>,
         arena: &Arena,
     ) -> Result<Light> {
-        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.);
+        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.)?;
-        let power = parameters.get_one_float("power", -1.);
+        let power = parameters.get_one_float("power", -1.)?;
-        let fov = parameters.get_one_float("fov", 90.);
+        let fov = parameters.get_one_float("fov", 90.)?;
 
-        let filename = resolve_filename(&parameters.get_one_string("filename", ""));
+        let filename = resolve_filename(&parameters.get_one_string("filename", "")?);
         if filename.is_empty() {
             return Err(anyhow!(
                 "{}: must provide filename for projection light",

src/lights/spot.rs

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-// use crate::core::image::{Image, ImageIO, ImageMetadata};
 use crate::core::light::{CreateLight, lookup_spectrum};
 use crate::core::spectrum::spectrum_to_photometric;
 use crate::core::texture::FloatTexture;
@@ -72,17 +71,17 @@ impl CreateLight for SpotLight {
                 SpectrumType::Illuminant,
             )
             .expect("No spectrum");
-        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.);
+        let mut scale = parameters.get_one_float("scale", 1.)?;
-        let coneangle = parameters.get_one_float("coneangle", 30.);
+        let coneangle = parameters.get_one_float("coneangle", 30.)?;
-        let conedelta = parameters.get_one_float("conedelta", 5.);
+        let conedelta = parameters.get_one_float("conedelta", 5.)?;
-        let from = parameters.get_one_point3f("from", Point3f::zero());
+        let from = parameters.get_one_point3f("from", Point3f::zero())?;
-        let to = parameters.get_one_point3f("to", Point3f::new(0., 0., 1.));
+        let to = parameters.get_one_point3f("to", Point3f::new(0., 0., 1.))?;
         let dir_to_z = Transform::from(Frame::from_z((to - from).normalize()));
         let t = Transform::translate(from.into()) * dir_to_z.inverse();
         let final_render = render_from_light * t;
         scale /= spectrum_to_photometric(i);
 
-        let phi_v = parameters.get_one_float("power", -1.);
+        let phi_v = parameters.get_one_float("power", -1.)?;
         if phi_v > 0. {
             let cos_falloff_end = radians(coneangle).cos();
             let cos_falloff_start = radians(coneangle - conedelta).cos();

src/materials/coated.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::core::image::Image;
 use crate::core::material::CreateMaterial;
 use crate::core::texture::SpectrumTexture;
 use crate::spectra::data::get_named_spectrum;
-use crate::utils::{Arena, FileLoc, TextureParameterDictionary, Upload, parameters::error_exit};
+use crate::utils::{Arena, FileLoc, TextureParameterDictionary, Upload};
 use anyhow::{Result, bail};
 use shared::core::material::Material;
 use shared::core::spectrum::Spectrum;

src/shapes/triangle.rs

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ use crate::core::shape::{ALL_TRIANGLE_MESHES, CreateShape};
 use crate::core::texture::FloatTexture;
 use crate::shapes::mesh::TriangleMesh;
 use crate::utils::{Arena, FileLoc, ParameterDictionary};
-use anyhow::{Result, anyhow};
+use anyhow::{Result, bail};
 use log::warn;
 use shared::core::shape::Shape;
 use shared::shapes::TriangleShape;
@@ -29,9 +29,7 @@ impl CreateShape for TriangleShape {
         if vertex_indices.is_empty() {
             if p.len() == 3 {
             } else {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
+                return bail!("Vertex indices \"indices\" must be provided with triangle mesh.");
-                    "Vertex indices \"indices\" must be provided with triangle mesh."
-                ));
             }
         } else if vertex_indices.len() % 3 != 0 {
             let excess = vertex_indices.len() % 3;
@@ -45,9 +43,7 @@ impl CreateShape for TriangleShape {
         }
 
         if p.is_empty() {
-            return Err(anyhow!(
+            return bail!("Vertex positions \"P\" must be provided with triangle mesh.");
-                "Vertex positions \"P\" must be provided with triangle mesh."
-            ));
         }
 
         if !uvs.is_empty() && uvs.len() != p.len() {
@@ -68,11 +64,11 @@ impl CreateShape for TriangleShape {
         for (_, &index) in vertex_indices.iter().enumerate() {
             // Check for negative indices (if keeping i32) or out of bounds
             if index < 0 || index as usize >= p.len() {
-                return Err(anyhow!(
+                return bail!(
                     "TriangleMesh has out-of-bounds vertex index {} ({} \"P\" values were given). Discarding this mesh.",
                     index,
                     p.len()
-                ));
+                );
             }
         }
 

src/utils/backend.rs

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pub struct SystemAllocator;
 
 impl Default for SystemAllocator {
     fn default() -> Self {
-        Self
+        Self {}
     }
 }
 
@@ -35,25 +35,36 @@ impl GpuAllocator for SystemAllocator {
 
 /// CUDA unified memory backend using CudaAllocator
 #[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
-pub struct CudaAllocator;
+pub mod cuda {
+    use super::GpuAllocator;
+    use std::alloc::Layout;
 
-#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    pub struct CudaAllocator;
-impl Default for CudaAllocator {
+
+    impl Default for CudaAllocator {
         fn default() -> Self {
-        Self
+            Self {}
+        }
     }
-}
 
-#[cfg(feature = "cuda")]
+    impl GpuAllocator for CudaAllocator {
-impl GpuAllocator for CudaAllocator {
         unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
             use cust::memory::cuda_malloc_unified;
+            use cust_raw::driver_sys::*;
 
             let size = layout.size().max(layout.align());
             if size == 0 {
                 return layout.align() as *mut u8;
             }
 
+            let mut ctx: CUcontext = std::ptr::null_mut();
+            cuCtxGetCurrent(&mut ctx);
+            if ctx.is_null() {
+                let mut primary: CUcontext = std::ptr::null_mut();
+                cuDevicePrimaryCtxRetain(&mut primary, 0);
+                cuCtxSetCurrent(primary);
+            }
+
             let mut unified_ptr =
                 unsafe { cuda_malloc_unified::<u8>(size).expect("cuda_malloc_unified failed") };
             let raw = unified_ptr.as_raw_mut();
@@ -67,40 +78,87 @@ impl GpuAllocator for CudaAllocator {
                 let _ = unsafe { cuda_free_unified(UnifiedPointer::wrap(ptr)) };
             }
         }
+    }
 }
 
-/// Vulkan backend using gpu-allocator.
+/// Vulkan backend (gpu-allocator for now, there might be a better solution)
 #[cfg(feature = "vulkan")]
 pub mod vulkan {
     use super::GpuAllocator;
     use ash::vk;
     use gpu_allocator::MemoryLocation;
-    use gpu_allocator::vulkan::{Allocation, AllocationCreateDesc, AllocationScheme, Allocator};
+    use gpu_allocator::vulkan::{
+        Allocation, AllocationCreateDesc, AllocationScheme, Allocator, AllocatorCreateDesc,
+    };
     use parking_lot::Mutex;
     use std::alloc::Layout;
     use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::sync::OnceLock;
 
-    pub struct VulkanAllocator {
+    // So, having a static allocator seems like a terrible idea
-        allocator: Mutex<Allocator>,
+    // But I cant find a way to get a functioning generic Arena constructor
-        /// Track pointer -> Allocation so we can free later.
+    // That might not even be a necessity, since rust-gpu/rust-cuda might actually handle that
-        allocations: Mutex<HashMap<usize, Allocation>>,
+    // differently
+    static VK_ALLOCATOR: OnceLock<VulkanAllocatorInner> = OnceLock::new();
+
+    struct VulkanAllocatorInner {
+        state: Mutex<VulkanState>,
     }
 
-    impl VulkanAllocator {
+    struct VulkanState {
-        pub fn new(allocator: Allocator) -> Self {
+        allocator: Allocator,
-            Self {
+        allocations: HashMap<usize, Allocation>,
-                allocator: Mutex::new(allocator),
-                allocations: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
     }
+
+    pub fn init_vulkan(
+        instance: &ash::Instance,
+        device: &ash::Device,
+        physical_device: vk::PhysicalDevice,
+    ) {
+        VK_ALLOCATOR.get_or_init(|| {
+            let allocator = Allocator::new(&AllocatorCreateDesc {
+                instance: instance.clone(),
+                device: device.clone(),
+                physical_device,
+                debug_settings: Default::default(),
+                buffer_device_address: false,
+                allocation_sizes: Default::default(),
+            })
+            .expect("Failed to create Vulkan allocator");
+
+            VulkanAllocatorInner {
+                state: Mutex::new(VulkanState {
+                    allocator,
+                    allocations: HashMap::new(),
+                }),
             }
+        });
+    }
+
+    fn inner() -> &'static VulkanAllocatorInner {
+        VK_ALLOCATOR
+            .get()
+            .expect("Vulkan not initialized — call init_vulkan() before Arena::default()")
     }
 
     impl Default for VulkanAllocator {
         fn default() -> Self {
+            let _ = inner();
             Self
         }
     }
 
+    pub struct VulkanAllocator;
+
+    // impl VulkanAllocator {
+    //     pub fn new(allocator: Allocator) -> Self {
+    //         Self {
+    //             allocator: Mutex::new(allocator),
+    //             allocations: Mutex::new(HashMap::new()),
+    //         }
+    //     }
+    // }
+
     impl GpuAllocator for VulkanAllocator {
         unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
             let size = layout.size().max(layout.align());
@@ -108,8 +166,10 @@ pub mod vulkan {
                 return layout.align() as *mut u8;
             }
 
-            let mut alloc = self.allocator.lock();
+            let inner = inner();
-            let allocation = alloc
+            let mut state = inner.state.lock();
+            let allocation = state
+                .allocator
                 .allocate(&AllocationCreateDesc {
                     name: "arena",
                     requirements: vk::MemoryRequirements {
@@ -128,7 +188,7 @@ pub mod vulkan {
                 .expect("Vulkan allocation not host-mapped")
                 .as_ptr() as *mut u8;
 
-            self.allocations.lock().insert(ptr as usize, allocation);
+            state.allocations.insert(ptr as usize, allocation);
             ptr
         }
 
@@ -136,9 +196,11 @@ pub mod vulkan {
             if layout.size() == 0 {
                 return;
             }
-            if let Some(allocation) = self.allocations.lock().remove(&(ptr as usize)) {
+            let inner = inner();
-                self.allocator
+            let mut state = inner.state.lock();
-                    .lock()
+            if let Some(allocation) = state.allocations.remove(&(ptr as usize)) {
+                state
+                    .allocator
                     .free(allocation)
                     .expect("Vulkan free failed");
             }

src/utils/math.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,33 @@
+use half::f16;
 use shared::Float;
 use shared::utils::hash::hash_buffer;
-use shared::utils::math::{DeviceDigitPermutation, PRIMES, permutation_element};
+use shared::utils::math::{
+    DeviceDigitPermutation, PRIMES, f16_to_f32_software, permutation_element,
+};
+
+#[inline(always)]
+pub fn f16_to_f32(bits: u16) -> f32 {
+    #[cfg(target_os = "cuda")]
+    {
+        // Use hardware intrinsic on CUDA
+        // Cast bits to cuda_f16, then cast to f32
+        let half_val = unsafe { core::mem::transmute::<u16, cuda_std::f16>(bits) };
+        half_val.to_f32()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(target_arch = "spirv")]
+    {
+        // Use shared logic or spirv-std intrinsics if available.
+        // Sadly, f16 support in rust-gpu is still maturing.
+        // A manual bit-conversion function is often safest here.
+        f16_to_f32_software(bits)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(any(target_os = "cuda", target_arch = "spirv")))]
+    {
+        f16::from_bits(bits).to_f32()
+    }
+}
 
 pub struct DigitPermutation {
     pub permutations: Vec<u16>,
@@ -68,13 +95,7 @@ pub fn compute_radical_inverse_permutations(seed: u64) -> (Vec<u16>, Vec<DeviceD
 
         // let ptr_to_data = storage_base_ptr.add(current_offset);
 
-        views.push(
+        views.push(DigitPermutation::new(base as i32, n_digits as u64).device);
-            DigitPermutation::new(
-                base as i32,
-                n_digits as u64,
-            )
-            .device,
-        );
 
         // current_offset += len;
     }

src/utils/mod.rs

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ pub use strings::*;
 pub type Arena = arena::Arena<backend::vulkan::VulkanAllocator>;
 
 #[cfg(all(feature = "cuda", not(feature = "vulkan")))]
-pub type Arena = arena::Arena<backend::CudaAllocator>;
+pub type Arena = arena::Arena<backend::cuda::CudaAllocator>;
 
 #[cfg(not(any(feature = "cuda", feature = "vulkan")))]
 pub type Arena = arena::Arena<backend::SystemAllocator>;

src/utils/parser.rs

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use anyhow::Result;
 use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
 use memmap2::Mmap;
 use std::collections::HashMap;
@@ -12,10 +13,23 @@ use crate::utils::parameters::{ParameterDictionary, ParsedParameter, ParsedParam
 use shared::Float;
 
 pub trait ParserTarget {
-    fn identity(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn identity(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn translate(&mut self, dx: Float, dy: Float, dz: Float, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn translate(
-    fn rotate(&mut self, angle: Float, ax: Float, ay: Float, az: Float, loc: FileLoc);
+        &mut self,
-    fn scale(&mut self, sx: Float, sy: Float, sz: Float, loc: FileLoc);
+        dx: Float,
+        dy: Float,
+        dz: Float,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn rotate(
+        &mut self,
+        angle: Float,
+        ax: Float,
+        ay: Float,
+        az: Float,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn scale(&mut self, sx: Float, sy: Float, sz: Float, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
     fn look_at(
         &mut self,
         ex: Float,
@@ -28,32 +42,85 @@ pub trait ParserTarget {
         uy: Float,
         uz: Float,
         loc: FileLoc,
-    );
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn transform(&mut self, transform: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc);
+    fn transform(&mut self, transform: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn concat_transform(&mut self, transform: &[Float; 16], loc: FileLoc);
+    fn concat_transform(
+        &mut self,
+        transform: &[Float; 16],
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn coordinate_system(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn coord_sys_transform(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn active_transform_all(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn active_transform_end_time(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn active_transform_start_time(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn transform_times(
+        &mut self,
+        start: Float,
+        end: Float,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 
-    fn coordinate_system(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn option(&mut self, name: &str, value: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn coord_sys_transform(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn color_space(&mut self, n: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn active_transform_all(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn pixel_filter(
-    fn active_transform_end_time(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
+        &mut self,
-    fn active_transform_start_time(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
+        name: &str,
-    fn transform_times(&mut self, start: Float, end: Float, loc: FileLoc);
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn film(
+        &mut self,
+        type_name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn accelerator(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn integrator(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn camera(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn make_named_medium(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn medium_interface(
+        &mut self,
+        inside_name: &str,
+        outside_name: &str,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn sampler(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 
-    fn option(&mut self, name: &str, value: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn world_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc, arena: Arc<Arena>) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn color_space(&mut self, n: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn attribute_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn pixel_filter(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn attribute_end(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn film(&mut self, type_name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn attribute(
-    fn accelerator(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+        &mut self,
-    fn integrator(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+        target: &str,
-    fn camera(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+        params: ParsedParameterVector,
-    fn make_named_medium(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+        loc: FileLoc,
-    fn medium_interface(&mut self, inside_name: &str, outside_name: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn sampler(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
-
-    fn world_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc, arena: Arc<Arena>);
-    fn attribute_begin(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
-    fn attribute_end(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
-    fn attribute(&mut self, target: &str, params: ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
 
     fn texture(
         &mut self,
@@ -63,22 +130,47 @@ pub trait ParserTarget {
         params: &ParsedParameterVector,
         loc: FileLoc,
         arena: Arc<Arena>,
-    );
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn material(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn material(
-    fn make_named_material(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+        &mut self,
-    fn named_material(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn make_named_material(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn named_material(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 
-    fn light_source(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn light_source(
-    fn area_light_source(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn area_light_source(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 
-    fn shape(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn shape(
-    fn reverse_orientation(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
+    fn reverse_orientation(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 
-    fn object_begin(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn object_begin(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn object_end(&mut self, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn object_end(&mut self, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
-    fn object_instance(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc);
+    fn object_instance(&mut self, name: &str, loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 
-    fn end_of_files(&mut self);
+    fn end_of_files(&mut self) -> Result<(), ParserError>;
 }
 
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
@@ -394,24 +486,42 @@ impl FormattingParserTarget {
 }
 
 impl ParserTarget for FormattingParserTarget {
-    fn option(&mut self, name: &str, value: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn option(&mut self, name: &str, value: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}Option \"{}\" \"{}\"", self.indent(0), name, value);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn identity(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn identity(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}Identity", self.indent(0));
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn translate(&mut self, dx: Float, dy: Float, dz: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn translate(
+        &mut self,
+        dx: Float,
+        dy: Float,
+        dz: Float,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}Translate {} {} {}", self.indent(0), dx, dy, dz);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn rotate(&mut self, angle: Float, ax: Float, ay: Float, az: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn rotate(
-        println!("{}Rotate {} {} {} {}", self.indent(0), angle, ax, ay, az);
+        &mut self,
+        angle: Float,
+        ax: Float,
+        ay: Float,
+        az: Float,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        println!("{} Rotate {} {} {} {}", self.indent(0), angle, ax, ay, az);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn scale(&mut self, sx: Float, sy: Float, sz: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn scale(&mut self, sx: Float, sy: Float, sz: Float, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}Scale {} {} {}", self.indent(0), sx, sy, sz);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn look_at(
@@ -426,7 +536,7 @@ impl ParserTarget for FormattingParserTarget {
         uy: Float,
         uz: Float,
         _loc: FileLoc,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!(
             "{}LookAt {} {} {}  {} {} {}  {} {} {}",
             self.indent(0),
@@ -440,56 +550,75 @@ impl ParserTarget for FormattingParserTarget {
             uy,
             uz
         );
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn concat_transform(&mut self, t: &[Float; 16], _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn concat_transform(&mut self, t: &[Float; 16], _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-        // Rust arrays verify size at compile time, simpler than C++ pointers
         println!("{}ConcatTransform [ {:?} ]", self.indent(0), t);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn transform(&mut self, t: &[Float; 16], _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn transform(&mut self, t: &[Float; 16], _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}Transform [ {:?} ]", self.indent(0), t);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn coordinate_system(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn coordinate_system(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}CoordinateSystem \"{}\"", self.indent(0), name);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn coord_sys_transform(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn coord_sys_transform(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}CoordSysTransform \"{}\"", self.indent(0), name);
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn world_begin(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc, _arena: Arc<Arena>) {
+    fn world_begin(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc, _arena: Arc<Arena>) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}WorldBegin", self.indent(0));
         self.cat_indent_count += 4;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn attribute_begin(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn attribute_begin(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}AttributeBegin", self.indent(0));
         self.cat_indent_count += 4;
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn attribute_end(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn attribute_end(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.cat_indent_count = self.cat_indent_count.saturating_sub(4);
         println!("{}AttributeEnd", self.indent(0));
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn shape(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn shape(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!(
             "{}Shape \"{}\" ... ({} params)",
             self.indent(0),
             name,
             params.len()
         );
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn material(&mut self, name: &str, params: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn material(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        params: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!(
             "{}Material \"{}\" ... ({} params)",
             self.indent(0),
             name,
             params.len()
         );
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     fn texture(
@@ -500,7 +629,7 @@ impl ParserTarget for FormattingParserTarget {
         _params: &ParsedParameterVector,
         _loc: FileLoc,
         _arena: Arc<Arena>,
-    ) {
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!(
             "{}Texture \"{}\" \"{}\" \"{}\"",
             self.indent(0),
@@ -508,38 +637,137 @@ impl ParserTarget for FormattingParserTarget {
             type_name,
             tex_name
         );
+        Ok(())
     }
 
-    fn active_transform_all(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn active_transform_all(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-    fn active_transform_end_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        Ok(())
-    fn active_transform_start_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    }
-    fn transform_times(&mut self, _s: Float, _e: Float, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn active_transform_end_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-    fn color_space(&mut self, _n: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        Ok(())
-    fn pixel_filter(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    }
-    fn film(&mut self, _t: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn active_transform_start_time(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-    fn accelerator(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        Ok(())
-    fn integrator(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    }
-    fn camera(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn transform_times(&mut self, _s: Float, _e: Float, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-    fn make_named_medium(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        Ok(())
-    fn medium_interface(&mut self, _i: &str, _o: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    }
-    fn sampler(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn color_space(&mut self, _n: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-    fn attribute(&mut self, _t: &str, _p: ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        Ok(())
-    fn make_named_material(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    }
-    fn named_material(&mut self, _n: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn pixel_filter(
-    fn light_source(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        &mut self,
-    fn area_light_source(&mut self, _n: &str, _p: &ParsedParameterVector, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        _n: &str,
-    fn reverse_orientation(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
-    fn object_begin(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn film(
+        &mut self,
+        _t: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn accelerator(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn integrator(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn camera(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn make_named_medium(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn medium_interface(&mut self, _i: &str, _o: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn sampler(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn attribute(
+        &mut self,
+        _t: &str,
+        _p: ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn make_named_material(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn named_material(&mut self, _n: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn light_source(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn area_light_source(
+        &mut self,
+        _n: &str,
+        _p: &ParsedParameterVector,
+        _loc: FileLoc,
+    ) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn reverse_orientation(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn object_begin(&mut self, name: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         println!("{}ObjectBegin \"{}\"", self.indent(0), name);
         self.cat_indent_count += 4;
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn object_end(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) {
+    fn object_end(&mut self, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.cat_indent_count = self.cat_indent_count.saturating_sub(4);
         println!("{}ObjectEnd", self.indent(0));
+        Ok(())
     }
-    fn object_instance(&mut self, _n: &str, _loc: FileLoc) {}
+    fn object_instance(&mut self, _n: &str, _loc: FileLoc) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
-    fn end_of_files(&mut self) {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+    fn end_of_files(&mut self) -> Result<(), ParserError> {
         self.cat_indent_count = 0;
+        Ok(())
     }
 }
 
@@ -756,17 +984,17 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
 
             match first_char {
                 'A' => match token.text.as_str() {
-                    "AttributeBegin" => self.target.attribute_begin(token.loc),
+                    "AttributeBegin" => self.target.attribute_begin(token.loc)?,
-                    "AttributeEnd" => self.target.attribute_end(token.loc),
+                    "AttributeEnd" => self.target.attribute_end(token.loc)?,
                     "Attribute" => {
                         self.parse_basic_entry(|t, n, p, l| t.attribute(n, p.to_vec(), l))?
                     }
                     "ActiveTransform" => {
                         let a = self.next_token_required()?;
                         match a.text.as_str() {
-                            "All" => self.target.active_transform_all(token.loc),
+                            "All" => self.target.active_transform_all(token.loc)?,
-                            "EndTime" => self.target.active_transform_end_time(token.loc),
+                            "EndTime" => self.target.active_transform_end_time(token.loc)?,
-                            "StartTime" => self.target.active_transform_start_time(token.loc),
+                            "StartTime" => self.target.active_transform_start_time(token.loc)?,
                             _ => {
                                 return Err(ParserError::Generic(
                                     "Unknown ActiveTransform type".into(),
@@ -796,19 +1024,19 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                             m[i] = self.expect_float()?;
                         }
                         self.expect_token("]")?;
-                        self.target.concat_transform(&m, token.loc);
+                        self.target.concat_transform(&m, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "CoordinateSystem" => {
                         let n = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
-                        self.target.coordinate_system(&n, token.loc);
+                        self.target.coordinate_system(&n, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "CoordSysTransform" => {
                         let n = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
-                        self.target.coord_sys_transform(&n, token.loc);
+                        self.target.coord_sys_transform(&n, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "ColorSpace" => {
                         let n = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
-                        self.target.color_space(&n, token.loc);
+                        self.target.color_space(&n, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
@@ -846,7 +1074,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
 
                         self.file_stack.push(new_tokenizer);
                     }
-                    "Identity" => self.target.identity(token.loc),
+                    "Identity" => self.target.identity(token.loc)?,
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
                             format!("Unknown directive {}", token.text),
@@ -892,7 +1120,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                             self.unget(next);
                             inside.clone()
                         };
-                        self.target.medium_interface(&inside, &outside, token.loc);
+                        self.target.medium_interface(&inside, &outside, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
@@ -905,7 +1133,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                 'N' => match token.text.as_str() {
                     "NamedMaterial" => {
                         let n = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
-                        self.target.named_material(&n, token.loc);
+                        self.target.named_material(&n, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
@@ -918,18 +1146,18 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                 'O' => match token.text.as_str() {
                     "ObjectBegin" => {
                         let n = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
-                        self.target.object_begin(&n, token.loc);
+                        self.target.object_begin(&n, token.loc)?;
                     }
-                    "ObjectEnd" => self.target.object_end(token.loc),
+                    "ObjectEnd" => self.target.object_end(token.loc)?,
                     "ObjectInstance" => {
                         let n = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
-                        self.target.object_instance(&n, token.loc);
+                        self.target.object_instance(&n, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "Option" => {
                         let name = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
                         let val_tok = self.next_token_required()?;
                         let val = val_tok.dequote().to_string();
-                        self.target.option(&name, &val, token.loc);
+                        self.target.option(&name, &val, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
@@ -952,7 +1180,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                 },
 
                 'R' => match token.text.as_str() {
-                    "ReverseOrientation" => self.target.reverse_orientation(token.loc),
+                    "ReverseOrientation" => self.target.reverse_orientation(token.loc)?,
                     "Rotate" => {
                         let angle = self.expect_float()?;
                         let ax = self.expect_float()?;
@@ -986,8 +1214,8 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                 },
 
                 'T' => match token.text.as_str() {
-                    "TransformBegin" => self.target.attribute_begin(token.loc),
+                    "TransformBegin" => self.target.attribute_begin(token.loc)?,
-                    "TransformEnd" => self.target.attribute_end(token.loc),
+                    "TransformEnd" => self.target.attribute_end(token.loc)?,
                     "Transform" => {
                         self.expect_token("[")?;
                         let mut m = [0.0; 16];
@@ -995,18 +1223,18 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                             m[i] = self.expect_float()?;
                         }
                         self.expect_token("]")?;
-                        self.target.transform(&m, token.loc);
+                        self.target.transform(&m, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "Translate" => {
                         let x = self.expect_float()?;
                         let y = self.expect_float()?;
                         let z = self.expect_float()?;
-                        self.target.translate(x, y, z, token.loc);
+                        self.target.translate(x, y, z, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "TransformTimes" => {
                         let s = self.expect_float()?;
                         let e = self.expect_float()?;
-                        self.target.transform_times(s, e, token.loc);
+                        self.target.transform_times(s, e, token.loc)?;
                     }
                     "Texture" => {
                         let name = self.expect_quoted_string()?;
@@ -1020,7 +1248,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                             &params,
                             token.loc,
                             arena.clone(),
-                        );
+                        )?;
                     }
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
@@ -1031,7 +1259,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
                 },
 
                 'W' => match token.text.as_str() {
-                    "WorldBegin" => self.target.world_begin(token.loc, arena.clone()),
+                    "WorldBegin" => self.target.world_begin(token.loc, arena.clone())?,
                     "WorldEnd" => {}
                     _ => {
                         return Err(ParserError::Generic(
@@ -1050,7 +1278,7 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
             }
         }
 
-        self.target.end_of_files();
+        self.target.end_of_files()?;
         Ok(())
     }
 
@@ -1079,7 +1307,12 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
 
     fn parse_basic_entry<F>(&mut self, mut func: F) -> Result<(), ParserError>
     where
-        F: FnMut(&mut dyn ParserTarget, &str, &ParsedParameterVector, FileLoc),
+        F: FnMut(
+            &mut dyn ParserTarget,
+            &str,
+            &ParsedParameterVector,
+            FileLoc,
+        ) -> Result<(), ParserError>,
     {
         let type_token = self.next_token_required()?;
         let type_name = if type_token.is_quoted() {
@@ -1089,7 +1322,6 @@ impl<'a> SceneParser<'a> {
         };
 
         let params = self.parse_parameters()?;
-        func(self.target, &type_name, &params, type_token.loc);
+        func(self.target, &type_name, &params, type_token.loc)
-        Ok(())
     }
 }